APWH Exam Review 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Songhay Empire
A
Portion of Mali after that kingdom collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu.
2
Q
Kingdom of Kongo
A
Was in the basin of the Congo river; conglomeration of several village alliances; it participated actively in trade networks; most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms; ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders.
3
Q
Triangular Trade
A
A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent raw materials to Europe, and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa.
4
Q
Middle Passage
A
The voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies.
5
Q
Olaudah Equiano
A
An antislavery activist who wrote an account of his enslavement.
6
Q
Qing Dynasty
A
(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,
7
Q
Manchus
A
Federation of Northeast Asian (from Manchuria) peoples who founded the Qing Empire.
8
Q
Civil Service Exam
A
Confucian exam given in China to aspiring bureaucrats to test them on Confucian beliefs and goverment understanding.
9
Q
Filial Piety
A
In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one’s parents and ancestors.
10
Q
Foot Binding
A
Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women’s feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women’s movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.
11
Q
Tokugawa Shogunate
A
Founded in Japan by Ieyasu whose family ruled Japan from 1600-1867. Court was based in Tokyo (then called Edo). With the policy of alternate attendance, they were able to keep the daimyo from gaining too much power (they spent money on good houses rather than armies). Shoguns closely controlled relations between Japan and the outside world. Agricultural production increased under them (bar graph time) leading to population increase. Samurai became learned in the arts, because peace was widespread. Merchants became more prominent. Neo-Confucianism was sponsored by the shoguns, but didn’t catch on.
12
Q
Daimyo
A
A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun.
13
Q
Floating Worlds
A
Centers of Tokugawa urban culture; called ukiyo; where entertainment and pleasure quarters housed teahouses, theaters, brothels, and public baths to offer escape from social responsibilities and the rigid rules of conduct that governed public behavior.
14
Q
Ottoman Empire
A
Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.
15
Q
Mehmed the Conqueror
A
(r.1451-1481), captured Constantinople in 1453, which later became Istanbul, the Islamic capital; Ruled with an absolute monarchy and centralized his power; Expanded into Serbia, Greece, and Albania (attacked Italy).
16
Q
Safavids
A
A Shi’ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans and Arabs.
17
Q
Twelver Shiism
A
A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion.
18
Q
Battle of Chaldiran
A
16th Century. The Safavids vs the Ottomans; Ottomans won, and this symbolized the two greatest world powers at the time clashing together; religious war (Shi’ites Vs. Sunnis).
19
Q
Abbas the Great
A
Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.
20
Q
Mughal Empire
A
Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; a minority of Muslims ruled over a majority of Hindus.
21
Q
Akbar
A
Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.
22
Q
Aurangzeb
A
Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar ‘the Great’, under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.
23
Q
Istanbul
A
Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.
24
Q
Isfahan
A
Capital of the Safavid Empire.
25
Taj Mahal
Beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife.
26
Osman
Founder of the Ottoman Empire.
27
Suleyman the Magnificent
(r.1520-1566 CE) He promoted Ottoman expanison, conquered Baghdad in 1543, and subjected Vienna to siege in 1529.
28
Shah Ismail
Founder of Safavid Empire in 1501, ruled until 1524; made Twelver Shiism the official religion of the empire and imposed it upon his Sunni subjects; his followers became known as qizilbash.
29
Babur
First sultan of the Mughal Empire; took lots of land in India.
30
Sikhism
The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.
31
Enlightenment
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
32
American Revolution
This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.
33
Declaration of Independence
Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.
34
French Revolution
The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
35
Estates General
An assembly that represented the entire French population through three groups, known as estates; King Louis XVI called this in May 1789 to discuss the financial crises.
36
Louis XVI
King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
37
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
38
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).
39
The Convention
Legislative body created by revolutionary leaders that abolished the monarchy & proclaimed France a republic; rallied French population by instituting levée en masse ("mass levy"); basically the French equivalent of the draft); frequently used the guillotine on enemies.
40
Reign of Terror
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.
41
Maximilien Robespierre
Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror.
42
The Directory
Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.
43
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
44
Napoleonic Wars
A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799-1812).
45
Haitian Revolution
A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.
46
Toussaint Louverture
Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
47
Simon Bolivar
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
48
Conservatism
A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.
49
Liberalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
50
Zionism
A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.
51
Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.
52
Rebellions of 1848
A series of rebellions throughout Europe in 1848; they were crushed by the conservative powers.
53
Camillo di Cavour
The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state.
54
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).
55
Otto von Bismarck
(1815-1898) German prime minister who intentionally provoked three wars to provide the people with a sense of nationalism.
56
James Watt
Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).
57
Eli Whitney
United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825).
58
Henry Ford
United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947).
59
Corporation
A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.
60
Demographic Transition
The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
61
Karl Marx
German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.
62
Communist Manifesto
A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.
63
Communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
64
Socialism
A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.
65
Mexican-American War
(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.
66
US Civil War
The violent conflict between Union and confederate forces over states rights and slavery.
67
Abraham Lincoln
16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery.
68
War of 1812
A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.
69
Mexican Revolution
(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.
70
1830
The Greeks gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in this year.
71
1867
The Serbians gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in this year.
72
Muhammad Ali
Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849).
73
Tanzimat Reforms
A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire set to revise Ottoman law to help lift the capitulations put on the Ottomans by European powers.
74
Crimean War
(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.
75
1861
Tsar Alexander II (r.1855-1881) emancipated the serfs in this year. (Hint:18_1)
76
Russo-Japanese War
War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control.
77
Opium War
War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.
78
Treaty of Nanjing
1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong.
79
Hundred Days Reforms
Led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao . Established Imperial University of Beijing and an all new education system. They innitialted many new Chiefs for offices. They also made a government budget. It ended without much success by Cixi.
80
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.
81
Meiji Restoration
The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.
82
Westernization
An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries.
83
Sepoy Rebellion
The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs in India against the Brisith; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.
84
The Great Game
Used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire before WWI.
85
Scramble for Africa
The European's flurry of colonializations in Africa.
86
Boer War
Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.
87
Berlin Conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa.
88
Monroe Doctrine
An American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers.
89
Social Darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
90
Ram Mohan Roy
Father of modern India; he called for the construction of a society based on both modern Euorpean science and the Indian tradition of devotional Hindusim.
91
Indian National Congress
A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.
92
World War I
A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918.
93
Central Powers
In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.
94
Schlieffen Plan
Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.
95
Triple Entente
An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.
96
Vladimir Lenin
Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).
97
Russian Revolution
The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.
98
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war (1918).
99
Paris Peace Conference
The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.
100
Fourteen Points
The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.
101
League of Nations
An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; suggested in Wilson's Fourteen Points.
102
Mandate System
Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.
103
Adolf Hitler
This dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party in Germany; he believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces.
104
Albert Einstein
Physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity.
105
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
106
Great Depression
A time of utter economic disaster; started in the United States in 1929.
107
John Keynes
Published a book that discussed the causes of recessions. He argued that the government should spend heavily during a recession even if it had to run a deficit in order to jump start the economy. Although FDR was reluctant he did buy into the idea.
108
New Deal
The historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented.
109
Joseph Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953).
110
First Five Year Plan
Stalin's economic plan to build heavy industry.
111
Great Purge
(1934), Stalin cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, his net soon widened to target army heroes, industrial managers, writers and citizens, they were charged with a wide range of crimes, from plots to failure to not meeting production quotas.
112
Fascism
A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism).
113
Benito Mussolini
Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.
114
Mohandas Gandhi
A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.
115
Sun Yatsen
Chinese physician and political leader who aimed to transform China with patriotic, democratic, and economically progressive reforms.
116
Chiang Kaishek
Took control of the Guomindang. Led troops on the Northern Expedition to end warlord era and unify China.
117
Mao Zedong
This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.
118
World War II
War fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Allies and the Axis, involving most countries in the world. The United States joined the Allies in 1941, helping them to victory.
119
Rape of Nanjing
Japanese attack on Chinese capital from 1937-1938 when Japanese aggressorts slaughtered 100,000 civilians and raped thousands of women in order to gain control of China.
120
Francisco Franco
Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975).
121
Treaty of Versailles
The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans.
122
Operation Barbarossa
Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.
123
Pearl Harbor
Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.
124
Holocaust
The Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler.
125
Cold War
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
126
Truman Doctrine
President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology.
127
Marshall Plan
A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952).
128
NATO
An international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security.
129
Warsaw Pact
Treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.
130
United Nations
An organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security; it replaced the League of Nations.
131
Berlin Wall
A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West.
132
Korean War
The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.
133
Cuban Missile Crisis
The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.
134
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927).
135
Space Race
A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.
136
Sputnik
The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.
137
Prague Spring
The term for the attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1968.
138
Vietnam War
A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.
139
Dominoe Theory
The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.
140
Mikhail Gorbachev
Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931).
141
1991
The year of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
142
Geneva Conference
A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.
143
Great Leap Forward
Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.
144
Cultural Revolution
Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.
145
Deng Xiaoping
Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong.
146
Islamism
A fundamentalist Islamic revivalist movement generally characterized by moral conservatism and the literal interpretation of the Quran and the attempt to implement Islamic values in all aspects of life.
147
Ayatollah Khomeini
Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.
148
Apartheid
A social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites.
149
Gulf War
A dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution.
150
World Trade Organization
Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.
151
Four Asian Tigers
South Korea (largest), Taiwan (moving towards high tech), Singapore (Center for information and technology), Hong Kong(Break of Bulk Point): Because of their booming economies.
152
European Union
An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
153
OPEC
An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.
154
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.
155
AIDS
A serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles.
156
Saddam Hussein
Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.
157
Feminism
A female movement for gender equality.
158
Industrialization
This gradually changed the way that things were produced, starting in the mid 18th century, but escalating greatly by the mid 19th century.
159
Textiles
The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century.
160
Britain
In the mid 1700s this place was the first to develop industrialized methods.
161
Atlantic Ocean
This body of water contributed to Britain, the United States, France, and eventually Germany becoming industrialized
162
coal
Access to rivers, iron ore, timber, and _____ was a major determining factor in which countries were able to industrialize during this period.
163
population
Demographically, a dramatic increase in _______ during the 1600s and 1700s in Northern Europe contributed to the rise of industry there.
164
urbanization
A shift in population toward cities--corresponds to the rise of industrialization and was also a consequence of industrialization.
165
enclosure
A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.
166
Four-field rotation
Crop rotation methods are ancient but this Dutch method from the 1500s was popularized in Britain in the 1700s and led to a large increase in agricultural productivity. It typically involved rotating wheat, turnips, barley and clover, and allowed livestock to be bred year-round.
167
private property
Many liberals of the Enlightenment era believed, such as that citizens have _____ _____ rights and that people should generally be free to do what they want with their own possessions. Laws began to increasingly protect ____ ____. This contributed to the rise of Capitalism.
168
canals
Governments in northern Europe, especially in Britain, built these man-made waterways in the 1700s and 1800s to benefit commerce. It contributed to the rise of industrialization.
169
imperialism
Industrialization was not only associated with increased trade for foreign resources, but by the mid 1800s it also caused and increase in ______. Industrialized countries would exploit weaker countries for their resources.
170
fossil fuels
This new source of energy powered steam engines and internal combustion engines and greatly increased the energy available to industrial societies.
171
factory system
This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.
172
Japan
During the 19th century, industrialization spread significantly to new places in Europe, the United States, to Russia, and also to this East Asian country.
173
Second Industrial Revolution
Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.
174
monoculture
Cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar, whale blubber, minerals etc. Industrialization led to an increased demand for foreign raw resources. This is a term for countries relying solely on the exportation of mainly one raw resource.
175
India
Rapid industrialization hurt the economies of places that were still agriculturally based. For example, textiles in _____ , a British colony.
176
Opium Wars
Industrial countries sought new places to sell their goods. This is seen around the world. This military conflict in Between China and Britain illustrates this.
177
South Africa
Rare metals are needed for industry such as seen with the increased mining activity in the British colony of ______ ______.
178
John Stuart Mill
Arguably the most famous English philosopher and politician of the 1800s. Champion of liberty over unlimited state control. Also famous for adding falsification as a key component of the scientific method.
179
Adam Smith
Seen as the Father of Capitalism. Published The Wealth of Nations in 1776.
180
stock markets
New financial instruments--especially ways for businesses to raise money--were developed in this period. This includes insurance, corporations, and ____ ____, exchanges where corporate shares could be sold.
181
transnational
Some businesses in this period became _________ in that their ownership and organization were not confined to a particular country, such as with the United Fruit Company.
182
telegraph
The major 19th century communication development.
183
railroads
Steamships and _______ were the major transportation developments of the 19th century.
184
socialism
Industrialization led to groups that opposed what they saw as exploitation of workers and instead promoted an alternative vision of society where everyone would be equal. What is this belief called?
185
Marxism
Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle.
186
Anarchism
Many groups including the socialists and Marxists of the 19th century often opposed the idea of a state. They believed society would function better without a government and that governments do nothing but promote exploitation. What is this belief system called?
187
Qing
The Chinese government is ruled by this ethnically Manchurian dynasty during this period. They attempted to hold on to pre-industrial ways and resisted foreign involvement in their country (without success).
188
Ottoman Empire
Called the "Sick Man of Europe" due to their slow imperial decline and inability to adapt to the new political and economic developments of the nineteenth century.
189
Meiji Restoration
In 1868, a Japanese state-sposored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.
190
Muhammad Ali
Not a modern nationalist, but this leader of Egypt is seen as the father of modern Egypt and made modernizing reforms in the military, economic and cultural spheres during the 19th century.
191
suffrage
Industrial societies such as in Britain, France, and the US produced a lot of criticism, so some governments were forced to respond with reforms such as free public education and expanded ________ for all men.
192
Middle Class
The _____ ______ also called the bourgeoisie, became the most powerful social class within industrialized societies. They were the wealthy but non-aristocratic class of property owners and the biggest beneficiaries of industrial prosperity. Meanwhile the Marxists saw them as exploiters of the working class.
193
Working Class
19th century Industrial societies developed the idea that there were only really two social classes: property-owning middle class and then the _____ _____. Before industrialization, poorer people had more varied ideas about social ranks.
194
Divine right
Enlightenment ideas such as the social contract, natural rights, and the general will were a challenge to this traditional basis of rule by monarchs.
195
Jacobins
The most radical political faction of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror.
196
Congress of Vienna
Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe.
197
Toussaint L'Overture
The main leader of the Haitian independence movement.
198
Simon Bolivar
South American revolutionary leader, who helped organize revolutions in many countries but was unsuccessful in fulfilling his dream of a unified South American nation.
199
caudillos
By the 1830s, following several hopeful decades of Enlightenment-inspired revolution against European colonizers, Latin America was mostly ruled by these creole military dictators.
