APWH Exam Review 6 Flashcards
1
Q
Abbasids
A
Abbasids or Umayyads? Were more open and integrating of non Arab peoples, and were more open to the non-Arab masses converting to Islam.
2
Q
Umayyads
A
Abbassids or Umayyads? Non-Arab people were more ostracized from society, even if they were Muslim. They were prohibited from holding positions of influence, they paid more taxes, not wanting peasant and urban masses to convert to Islam.
3
Q
Bushido
A
The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.
4
Q
Glasnost
A
The policy of openness and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s.
5
Q
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
A
A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.
6
Q
Bourbon
A
A European Royal family that is most known for its rule of France from the 16th through the 18th centuries.
7
Q
Gobi
A
The desert to the north of China
8
Q
British Raj
A
The name given to the period and territory of direct British colonial rule in South Asia between 1858 and 1947–from the time of the attempted Indian Revolt (Sepoy Mutany) to the Independence of India.
9
Q
Great Schism
A
in 1054 this severing of relations divided medieval Christianity into the already distinct Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.
10
Q
Hammurabi
A
He designed a legal code in early Babylon that gave punishment based on crime and social status. Relied on the principle of lex talionis.
11
Q
Sargon of Akkad
A
(2370-2315 BCE) He is the creator of empire in Mesopotamia.
12
Q
Mesopotamia
A
The “land between rivers” was home to some of the first empires in human history. It saw the invention of the wheel.
13
Q
Cuneiform
A
A writing system that used graphic symbols to represent sounds, syllables, and ideas as well as physical objects.
14
Q
Hebrews
A
Early group of people who lived in lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt. They developed the religion Judaism.
15
Q
Phoenicians
A
A maritime people who spread their alphabet to others including the Hebrews, Romans, and Greeks.
16
Q
Hittites
A
The group of people who toppled the Babylonian empire and were responsible for two technological innovations–the war chariots and refinement of iron metallurgy.
17
Q
Bantu
A
The people who spread throughout Africa spreading agriculture, language, and iron.
18
Q
Menes
A
The king who unifed Egypt.
19
Q
Nile River
A
The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.
20
Q
Hieroglyphics
A
Egyptian writing that involved using pictures to represent words.
21
Q
Vedas
A
Collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the barious gods of the Aryans.
22
Q
Caste System
A
The system in old India that seperated the people into social categories, but based mostly on color with the Aryans always on the top of the social pyramid.
23
Q
Brahmins
A
The priest varna of the caste system.
24
Q
Kshatriyas
A
The warrior and aristocrat varna of the caste system.
25
Vaishyas
The artisan and merchant varna of the caste system.
26
Shudras
The landless peasants and serfs of the caste system.
27
Jati
A sub-varna in the caste system that gave people of sense of community because they usually consisted of people working in the same occupation.
28
Sati
The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband.
29
Upanishads
A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised.
30
Brahman
The term for The Univeral Soul in Hinduism.
31
Moksha
Becoming liberated for the cycle of reincarnation in Hinduism.
32
Karma
The belief that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life.
33
Shang Dynasty
(1766-1122 BCE) The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metalurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior.
34
Zhou Dynasty
A decentralized Chinese dynasty in China because of the massive size, and whose emperor was the first to claim to be a link between heaven and earth. Iron metallurgy increased in this dynasty.
35
Mandate of Heaven
The Chinese belief that the emperor claimed to be the "son of heaven" and therefore has the right to rule.
36
Ancestor Veneration
The practice of praying to your ancestors. Found especially in China.
37
Period of Warring States
The period in Chinese history (403-221 BCE) in which many different states emerged and were fighting for control of China.
38
Olmecs
An early peopl who settled in modern day Mexico and who traded in jade and obsidian and erected colossal heads carved from rocks.
39
Maya
They settled in the Yucatan Peninsula, not far from the Olmecs. A very cultural and intellectual people who used astronomy to create and very accurate calendar.
40
Zoroastrianism
A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail.
41
Confucius
(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.
42
Analects
The book that Kong Fuzi wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism.
43
Ren
An attitude of kindness and benevolence or a sense of humanity for Confucianism.
44
Li
Called for individuals to behave in conventionally appropriate fashion in Confucianism.
45
Filial Piety
Concept is stressed in Confucianism. Reflected the high significance of the family in Chinese history.
46
Daoism
A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.
47
Legalism
A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service.
48
Qin Dynasty
(221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief.
49
Qin Shihuangdi
(r.221-210 BCE) The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty who believed strongly in Legalism and sought to strengthen the centralized China through public works.
50
Han Dynasty
(202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalim.
51
Mauryan Empire
(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.
52
Ashoka
(r.268-232 BCE) The Mauryan emperor who can be compared to Constantine and who promoted Buddhism throught his empire.
53
Gupta Empire
(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.
54
Guilds
Economic groups that functioned as jati by controling prices, output, workers, and competition for a specific product.
55
Siddhartha
The founder of the religion Buddhism who believed that all life was suffering. Also known as the Buddha.
56
Four Noble Truths
All life invoves suffering; desire is the cause of suffering; elimination of desire brings an end to suffering; a disciplined life conducted life brings the elimination of desire.
57
Noble Eightfold Path
Calls for individuals to lead balanced and moderate lives, rejecting both the devotion to luxury and the regimes of extreme asceticism. (Buddhist Belief).
58
Nirvana
The state of englightenment for Buddhists.
59
Dharma
The basic doctrine shared by Buddhists of all sects.
60
Mahayana Buddhism
Also known as popular Buddhism, is allows people more ways to reach enlightenment and boddhisatvas can help you reach enlightenment.
61
Boddhisatva
A enlightened being who put off nirvana to come back and help others become enlightened.
62
Bhagavad Gita
A book in popular Hinduism that was a response to Buddhism and made reaching moksha way easier.
63
Minoans
The Mediterranean society that formed on the island of Crete and who were a big maritime society.
64
Polis
Greek word for "city-state"
65
Sparta
A powerful Greek miliary polis that was often at war with Athens. Used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor.
66
Athens
A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.
67
Pericles
An Athenian leader who transformed Athens into a community of scientists, philosophers, poets, dramatists, artists, and architects and who was a big promoter of democracy.
68
Persian Wars
A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.
69
Peloponnesian War
(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.
70
Alexander the Great
The conquerer from Macedon who conquered Greece, Egypt, parts of Anatolia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, Bactria, and the very tips of northeast India.
71
Antigonid Empire
The empire in Greece after the breakup of Alexander's empire.
72
Ptolemaic Empire
The empire in the Egyptian area after the breakup of Alexander's empire.
73
Seleucid Empire
The empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire.
74
Socrates
(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.
75
Plato
(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.
76
Aristotle
(384-322 BCE) Believed, unlike his teacher Plato, that philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world.
77
Roman Republic
This establishment consisted of the Senate with two consuls who were elected by an assembly dominated by hereditary aristocrats known as patricians.
78
Patricians
The wealthy, hereditary aristocrats during the Roman era.
79
Pleibians
The common people during the Roman era.
80
Punic Wars
Wars between the Romans and Carthaginians that marked Rome as the preeminent power in the eastern as well as the western Mediterranean.
81
Julius Caesar
The general during the Roman Republic who took over after the civil war and established Rome as an empire.
82
Augustus
Leader of the Roman Empire who disguised it as a republic, and under who the Roman Empire came to be at its greatest extent.
83
Pax Romana
A time in history when the Roman Empire was at peace and promoted safe trade.
84
Constantine
Emperor of the Roman Empire who moved the capital to Constantinople. He eventually converted to Christianity as well.
85
Monsoon
Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.
86
Diocletian
Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.
87
The Great Schism
The seperation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church (1054 CE)
88
Pope
The head of the Roman Catholic Church.
89
Byzantine Emperor
The head of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire.
90
Justinian's Code
Roman law that was modified by revising old and not needed laws. Named after the Byzantine Emperor Justinian.
91
Council of Nicaea
(325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time.
92
Muhammad
The last prophet believed by Muslims who talked to the Archangel Gabriel and whose life teachings is compiled in the Hadith.
93
Hadith
The compiled work of the life and teachings of Muhammad.
94
Quran
The holy book of Muslims.
95
Torah
The first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe are by Moses, are called this
96
Bible
The holy book of Christians.
97
Umma
The term for all Muslims as a community.
98
Hijra
Muhammad's move to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar (632 CE)
99
Five Pillars
The basic tenets of Islam: Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca; fast during the month of Ramadan; pay alms for the relief of the weak and the poor; take a hajj to Mecca
100
Hajj
The pilgrimage to Mecca required to take by Muslims
101
Jihad
The Muslim word for "struggle" especially when trying to follow the will of Allah.
102
Sharia
Islamic law; a combination of the Quran and the Hadith.
103
Umayyad Caliphate
(661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it.
104
Jizya
The tax on people in the Umayyad Caliphate who did not convert to Islam.
105
Abbasid Caliphate
(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of.
106
Sufi
The branch of Islam that believes in a more mystical connection with Allah.
107
Sui Dynasty
(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.
108
Tang Dynasty
(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.
109
Song Dynasty
(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.
110
Neo-Confucianism
The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.
111
Silla Dynasty
The dynasty in Korea that rallied to prevent Chinese domination in the seventh century CE.
112
Harsha
(r.606-648 CE) He restored centralized rule in northern India after the collapse of the Gupta. He can be compared to Charlemagne.
113
Mahmud of Ghazni
Islamic leader who ruled parts of Iran and India between the years 997-1030. Islamic presence in India was quite new at the time. Unaccustomed to ruling a non-Muslim population, he destroyed various Hindu and Buddhist temples. His raids into India are often portrayed as being motivated by money.
114
Delhi Sultanate
(1206-1526 CE) The successors of Mahmud of Ghazni mounted more campaigns, but directed their goals to creating this empire.
115
Junks
Chinese ships, particularly from the 1400s, are often called these. It was a sturdy Chinese ship design and the largest of its kind were treasures ships that could carry a thousand tons of cargo.
116
Dhows
Large ships favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors that could carry up to four hundred tons of cargo.
117
Axum
The Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.
118
Battle of Tours
(732 CE) European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe.
119
Charlemagne
(768-814 CE) Crowned king in 800 CE by the pope; can be compared to Harsha; brought back unified rule to Europe only during his life; used the missi dominici to check up on imperial officials.
120
Battle of Hastings
(1066 CE) The Norman invasion of England; this was the largest battle.
121
Serfs
People who gave their land to a lord and offered their servitude in return for protection from the lord.
122
Pope Gregory I
This pope strongly emphasized the sacrament of penance and encouraged confession for the remission of sins which made people more dependent on the church for salvation.
123
Mongols
People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.
124
Genghis Khan
Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.
125
Khubilai Khan
Reigned in China after establishing the Yuan Dynasty; he actively promoted Buddhism; descendant of Chinggis Khan.
126
Yuan Dynasty
(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.
127
Battle of Manzikert
(1071 CE) Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium.
128
Tamerlane
He is very much like Ghengis Khan; a military leader who conquered the lands of Persia; his empire was decentralized with tribal leaders.
129
1453
The year that Constantinople was sacked by the Ottoman Turks and meant that Byzantium had collapsed. Hint: __53
130
Ghana
The kingdom in West Africa that prospered because of trans-Saharan trade especially in gold; this kingdom was around at the time of Muslim control in North Africa.
131
Mali
The kingdom in West Africa that followed the Kingdom of Ghana; its wealth is also based on trans-Saharan trade; this kingdom encouraged the spread of Islam.
132
Mansa Musa
Ruler of Mali (r.1312-1337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture.
133
Chivalry
Code of honor and ethics taken by knights.
134
Scholasticism
This sought to synthesize the beliefs and values of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy. Often associated with St. Thomas Aquinas.
135
Urban II
The pope that issued the crusades in 1095 CE
136
First Crusade
1099 CE, Jerusalem fell the Christian crusaders; the only successful crusade.
137
Tenochtitlan
The captial city of the Aztecs.
138
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
139
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.
140
Little Ice Age
Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation.
141
Bubonic Plague
Also called the Black Death; is believed to be the deadly disease that spread through Asia and Europe and killed more than a third of the people in parts of China and Europe.
142
Silk Road
A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.
143
MIng Dynasty
Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.
144
Eunuchs
castrated males, originally in charge of protection of the ruler's concubines. Eventually had major roles in government, especially in China.
145
Hundred Years' War
Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. England loses and losses half of its land but that land was in France. The negative impact- France became an absolute power. Positive impact- France formed a nation-state. Ended in 1453.
146
Reconquista
The retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish forces from the Moors. It was completed in 1492.
147
Renaissance
A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600.
148
Humanism
Studied the Latin classics to learn what they reveal about human nature. Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities.
149
Zheng He
An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
150
Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.
151
Vasco da Gama
Using the new trade route around the Cape of Good Hope, he brought spices back to Portugal and made a profit of several thousand dollars.
152
Christopher Columbus
Incorrectly calculated the circumference of the globe, and gained Spanish support to travel west to Asia based on this. Believed he had reached islands off the coast of Asia, when he had actually reached the Caribbean.
153
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world.
154
James Cook
English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779).
155
English East India Company
an early joint-stock company; were granted on English royal charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India.
156
Seven Years' War
(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.
157
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
158
Mercantilism
The economic theory that the world has a limited amount of wealth so the more wealth a nation has, the more powerful it is.
159
Martin Luther
A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation.
160
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
161
John Calvin
Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Calvinism (1509-1564).
162
Coucil of Trent
(1545-1563 CE) Council of the Catholic Reformation that reemphasized and justified the Roman Catholic beliefs. In response to the Protestant Reformation.
163
Society of Jesus
A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work.
164
Thirty Years' War
(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.
165
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.
166
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preocuppied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.
167
New Monarchy
In the 15th century, government in which power had been centralized under a king or queen, particularly France, England, and Spain.
168
Absolute Monarchy
Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies.
169
Spanish Inquisition
An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.
170
Constitutional Monarchy
A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.
171
Louis XIV
This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France.
172
Peter the Great
This was the tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army.
173
Tsar
The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar.
174
Balance of Power
Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong (especially in Europe).
175
Capitalism
(1776) , an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations.
176
Galileo Galilei
This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method.
177
Nicolaus Copernicus
A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.
178
Isaac Newton
English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.
179
Kepler
This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun.
180
Enlightenment
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
181
Voltaire
French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.
182
Deism
God is a watchmaker; The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws.
183
Theory of Progress
The European Enlightenment idea that stated that society was always progressing.
184
Spanish Armada
The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.
185
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations and designed modern Capitalism.
186
Hernan Cortes
Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.
187
Conquistador
A Spanish conqueror of the Americas.
188
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
189
Viceroy
Governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign; think Spanish colonies.
190
Audiencias
Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America.
191
Mestizo
A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.
192
Zambos
According to Spanish and Portuguese colonizedrs, these are people of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class in colonial America.
193
Peninsulares
Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.
194
Creoles
Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.
195
Mita System
The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.
196
Quinto
One-fifth: amount the Spanish crown was to receive of all precious metals mined in the Americas.
197
Hacienda
Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these.
198
Encomienda
A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.
199
Indentured Service
A contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is voluntary entered into.
