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APWH Exam Review > APWH Exam Review 2 > Flashcards

APWH Exam Review 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sun Yat-sen

A

Chinese man who led the revolution against the Manchu Dynasty.

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2
Q

Guomindang

A

Political party in China from 1911 to 1949; enemy of the Communists. Often abbreviated at GMD.

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3
Q

creole

A

Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America, usually implies an upper class status.

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4
Q

Porfirio Díaz

A

Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

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5
Q

Pancho Villa

A

Revolutionary Leader in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution.

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6
Q

Zapata

A

Revolutionary Leader in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution.

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7
Q

Young Turks

A

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It Against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era. Members of this group were progressive, modernist and opposed to the status quo. The movement built a rich tradition of dissent that shaped the intellectual, political and artistic life of the late Ottoman period and trancended through the decline of the Ottoman Empire and into the new Turkish state.

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8
Q

Franz Ferdinand

A

Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WWI.

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9
Q

Bolshevik

A

The early Communists that overthrew the Czar in the Russian Revolution.

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10
Q

Vladimir Lenin

A

Leader of the Russian Revolution; Bolshevik.

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11
Q

Lusitania

A

British passenger ship holding Americans that sunk off the coast of Ireland in 1915 by German U-Boats killing 1,198 people. It was decisive in turning public favor against Germany and bringing America into WWI.

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12
Q

Zimmerman telegram

A

Telegram sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.

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13
Q

Fourteen Points

A

Woodrow Wilson’s plan put before the League of Nations to prevent future war.

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14
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

Treaty with harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I.

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15
Q

League of Nations

A

Precursor the United Nations created after World War I.

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16
Q

Joseph Stalin

A

Leader of the Soviet Union directly after the Russian Revolution.

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17
Q

Collectivization

A

Process of changing property from private ownership to communal ownership. Usually this went along with communist efforts to form communal work units for agriculture and manufacturing.

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18
Q

Franklin D. Roosevelt

A

President of the United States during most of the Depression and most of World War II.

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19
Q

Civilian Conservation Corps

A

A major public works program in the United States during the Great Depression.

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20
Q

Fascism

A

A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical ultra-nationalist government. Favors nationalizing economic elites rather than promoting egalitarian socialist collectivization.

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21
Q

Benito Mussolini

A

Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and created Fascism

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22
Q

Adolf Hitler

A

German leader of the Nazi Party

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23
Q

Nazism

A

National socialism. In practice a far-right wing ideology (with some left-wing influences) that was based largely on racism and ultra-nationalism.

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24
Q

Weimar Republic

A

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire’s monarchy.

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25
Q

Mein Kampf

A

Influential book Written by Adolf Hitler describing his life and ideology.

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26
Q

Totalitarianism

A

Government ruled by a single party and/or person that exerts unlimited control over its citizen’s lives.

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27
Q

Zaibatsu

A

Large conglomerate corporations that exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan.

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28
Q

Francisco Franco

A

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death

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29
Q

Sudetenland

A

Land that Germany thought was rightfully theirs due to the large German speaking population

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30
Q

Winston Churchill

A

British statesman and leader during World War II; received Nobel prize for literature in 1953

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31
Q

Suez Canal

A

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

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32
Q

Tito

A

Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war

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33
Q

Holocaust

A

Mass murder of Jews under the Nazi Regime

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34
Q

Comfort girls

A

Women forced into prostitution by the Japanese during WWII. The women came from countries in East and Southeast Asia as Japan’s empire expanded.

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35
Q

Nuremberg Trials

A

Trials held for the Germans convicted of war crimes

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36
Q

Berlin Blockade

A

Soviet blocking of Berlin from allies; Causing the Berlin Airlift

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37
Q

NATO

A

Alliance of the allied powers against the Soviets

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38
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

Alliance against democracy, supporting communism

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39
Q

McCarthyism

A

The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism

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40
Q

Hydrogen bomb

A

A thermonuclear bomb which uses the fusion of isotopes of hydrogen

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41
Q

Nikita Khrushchev

A

Soviet leader who denounced Stalin

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42
Q

Gulag

A

Russian prison camp for political prisoners

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43
Q

Leonid Brezhnev

A

Soviet leader who was after Khrushchev

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44
Q

Proxy war

A

A war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate

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45
Q

Fidel Castro

A

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba

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46
Q

John F. Kennedy

A

President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis

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47
Q

Gamal Abdel Nasser

A

He led the coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt

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48
Q

Aswan High Dam

A

one of the world’s largest dams on the Nile River in southern Egypt

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49
Q

Charles de Gaulle

A

French General who founded the French Fifth Republicn in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969

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50
Q

Khomeini

A

leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution

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51
Q

OPEC

A

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It’s long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

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52
Q

Sandinista

A

Rebel forces in Nicaragua who struggled against what they saw as US occupation of their nation and US backed puppet rulers in their nation’s government. Particularly active in the 1970s and 1980s. The US frequently arranged groups to fight against these rebels, sometimes covertly as in the case of the Iran-Contra Affair.

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53
Q

Zionism

A

a worldwide Jewish movement starting in the 1800s that resulted in the establishment and development of the state of Israel in 1948.

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54
Q

Delhi Sultanate

A

Region of India controlled by Muslims 1206-1520

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55
Q

Timur

A

Central Asian leader of a Mongol tribe who attempted to re-establish the Mongol Empire in the late 1300’s. His biggest rival though was the Islamized Golden Horde. He is the great great grandfather of Babur who later founds the Mughal Empire.

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56
Q

Khmer Empire

A

aggressive empire in Cambodia and Laos that collapsed in the 1400’s when Thailand conquered Cambodia

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57
Q

Maori

A

New Zealand indigenous culture established around 800 CE

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58
Q

Pax Mongolica

A

Era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire

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59
Q

Ghana

A

West African state that supplied the majority of the world’s gold from 500 CE-1400’s

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60
Q

Habsburgs

A

German princely family who ruled in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and controlled most of Central Europe

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61
Q

Witchcraft

A

many people (mostly women) were accused of this and burned at the stake in medieval and early modern Europe.

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62
Q

Humanism

A

Philosophy that emphasizes human reason and ethics; sometimes denies the existence of a god

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63
Q

Hadith

A

Traditional records of the deeds of Muhammad, and his quotations

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64
Q

Marco Polo

A

Italian explorer who introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China, from his travels throughout there.

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65
Q

Mongol Empire

A

Largest land empire in the history of the world, spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia.

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66
Q

Humanism

A

Intellectual movement initiated in Western Europe “putting man first”, and considering humans to be of primary importance.

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67
Q

Leonardo da Vinci

A

Famous artist/painter in the 15th century. Created “The Mona Lisa” and “The Last Supper”

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68
Q

Prince Henry The Navigator

A

Explorer of West Africa in the 15th century, making many new discoveries there about Africa.

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69
Q

Abbasid Caliphate

A

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad’s uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258.

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70
Q

Adolf Hitler

A

Born in Austria, became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.

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71
Q

African National Congress

A

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.

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72
Q

Afrikaners

A

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

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73
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A

The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between around 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

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74
Q

Akbar

A

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.

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75
Q

Akhenaten

A

Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk.

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76
Q

Albert Einstein

A

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

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77
Q

Alexandria

A

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.

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78
Q

Alexander the Great

A

Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.

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79
Q

All-India Muslim League

A

Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India’s Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded the partition of a Muslim Pakistan.

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80
Q

Enclosure Movement

A

The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.

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81
Q

aqueduct

A

A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many of these in a period of substantial urbanization.

82
Q

Armenia

A

One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia (east of Turkey today) and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. The Ottoman Empire is accused of systematic mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century.

83
Q

Asante

A

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain.

84
Q

Asoka

A

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.

85
Q

Asian Tigers

A

Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s.

86
Q

Atahualpa

A

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438)

87
Q

Atlantic System

A

The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497)

88
Q

Caesar Augustus

A

Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. He established his rule after the death of Julius Caesar and he is considered the first Roman Emperor.

89
Q

Auschwitz

A

Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 800)

90
Q

Ayatollah Khomeini

A

Shi’ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic Republic of Iran.

91
Q

aztecs

A

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

92
Q

Babylon

A

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)

93
Q

balance of power

A

The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful.

94
Q

Balfour Declaration

A

Statement issued by Britain’s Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

95
Q

Bantu

A

A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.

96
Q

Bartolome de Las Casas

A

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476

97
Q

Bartolomeu Dias

A

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)

98
Q

Battle of Midway

A

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in the pacific theater of World War II.

99
Q

Beijing

A

China’s northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People’s Republic of China.

100
Q

Bengal

A

Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century. Today this region includes part of Eastern India and all of Bangladesh.

101
Q

Benito Mussolini

A

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

102
Q

Benjamin Franklin

A

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

103
Q

Berlin Conference

A

Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium.

104
Q

Bhagavad-Gita

A

The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.

105
Q

Black Death

A

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.

106
Q

Bolsheviks

A

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. They eventually seized power in Russia in 1917.

107
Q

bourgeoisie

A

In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions.

108
Q

Buddha

A

An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming ‘enlightened’ (the meaning of this word) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism.

109
Q

Byzantine Empire

A

Historians’ name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century until its downfall to the Ottomans in 1453. Famous for being a center of Orthodox Christianity and Greek-based culture.

110
Q

caliphate

A

The Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.

111
Q

capitalism

A

The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. The belief that all people should seek their own profit gain and that doing so is beneficial to society. See Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776).

112
Q

caravel

A

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

113
Q

Carthage

A

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.

114
Q

Catholic Reformation

A

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

115
Q

Cecil Rhodes

A

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736)

116
Q

Celts

A

Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west. Conquered by Romans and displaced by Germans and other groups, today they are found in some corners of the British Isles.

117
Q

Champa Rice

A

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)

118
Q

Charlemagne

A

King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.

119
Q

Charles Darwin

A

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.

120
Q

Chavin

A

The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavin became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region.

121
Q

Chiang Kai-Shek

A

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

122
Q

chiefdom

A

Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, they were based on gift giving and commercial links.

123
Q

chinampas

A

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

124
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.

125
Q

city state

A

A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.

126
Q

Cold War

A

The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another.

127
Q

colonialism

A

Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power.

128
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages.

129
Q

Confucius

A

His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. Although his real name was Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.).

130
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order and establish a plan for a new balance of power after the defeat of Napoleon.

131
Q

conquistadors

A

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

132
Q

Constantine

A

Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a tolerated/favored religion.

133
Q

Constitutional Convention

A

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

134
Q

constitutionalism

A

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.

135
Q

Indentured servitude

A

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

136
Q

Cossaks

A

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

137
Q

cottage industry

A

Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. Most manufacturing was done this way before the industrial revolution.

138
Q

cotton

A

The plant that produces fibers from which many textiles are woven. Native to India, it spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, and the US

139
Q

creoles

A

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.

140
Q

Crusades

A

Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe’s centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.

141
Q

Crystal Palace

A

Building erected in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.

142
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A

Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter’s placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.

143
Q

cultural imperialism

A

Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority.

144
Q

Cultural Revolution

A

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

145
Q

cuneiform

A

A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.

146
Q

Cyrus

A

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.

147
Q

dalai lama

A

Originally, a title meaning ‘universal priest’ that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet.

148
Q

Daoism

A

Chinese School of Thought that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from ‘the way’ or ‘path’ of nature.

149
Q

Darius I

A

Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes.

150
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

151
Q

deforestation

A

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

152
Q

Delhi Sulatanate

A

Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders.

153
Q

democracy

A

system of government in which all ‘citizens’ (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. Demographic Transition,A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)

154
Q

Deng Xiaoping

A

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.

155
Q

devshirme

A

Selection’ in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.

156
Q

diaspora

A

A Greek word meaning ‘dispersal,’ used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, were spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in by the Romans.

157
Q

Dirty War

A

War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military.

158
Q

divination

A

Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky.

159
Q

driver

A

A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation.

160
Q

Druids

A

The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance.

161
Q

durbar

A

An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, apparently in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire.

162
Q

Dutch West India Company

A

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants’ trade in the Americas and Africa.

163
Q

economic sanctions

A

Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies.

164
Q

telegraph

A

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

165
Q

electricity

A

A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s.

166
Q

Emilano Zapata

A

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated.

167
Q

Emilio Aguinaldo

A

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

168
Q

Emperor Menelik

A

. Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896).

169
Q

Empress Dowager Cixi

A

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.

170
Q

encomienda

A

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the native Americans.

171
Q

Enlightenment

A

A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.

172
Q

Estates General

A

The traditional group of representatives from the three Estates of French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. Louis XVI assembled this group to deal with the financial crisis in France at the time, but the 3rd estate demanded more rights and representation.

173
Q

Ethiopia

A

East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River.

174
Q

ethnic cleansing

A

Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. It was used for example by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia.

175
Q

European Community

A

An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993.

176
Q

Eva Peron

A

Wife of Juan Peron and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits.

177
Q

extraterritoriality

A

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.

178
Q

Faisal

A

Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933.

179
Q

Fascist Party

A

Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini’s instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943.

180
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

181
Q

Solomon’s Temple

A

A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues.

182
Q

Five Year Plans

A

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.

183
Q

Forbidden City

A

The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People’s Republic of China.

184
Q

Pancho Villa

A

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

185
Q

Toussaint L’Ouverture

A

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

186
Q

Fransisco Pizarro

A

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

187
Q

neocolonialism

A

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, this new form of economic imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics.

188
Q

fresco

A

A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance.

189
Q

gens de couleur

A

Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution.

190
Q

gentry

A

A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats.

191
Q

George Washington

A

Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799).

192
Q

Getulio Vargas

A

Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo (‘New State’), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization.

193
Q

Ghana

A

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E.

194
Q

Gold Coast

A

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.

195
Q

Golden Horde

A

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan’s. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.

196
Q

Gothic Cathedrals

A

Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows.

197
Q

Grand Canal

A

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

198
Q

Great Circuit

A

The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system.

199
Q

Great Western Schism

A

A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)

200
Q

Great Zimbabwe

A

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

APWH Exam Review (8 decks)

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