APWH Exam Review 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Siberia
A
The northeastern sector of Asia or the Eastern half of Russia.
2
Q
Sikhism
A
Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule.
3
Q
Silk Road
A
Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran.
4
Q
Simon Bolivar
A
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
5
Q
socialists
A
An umbrella term for people of diverse perspectives but many of whom typically advocate equality, protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and state ownership of major industries. This ideology led to the founding of certain labor parties in the late 1800s.
6
Q
Socrates
A
Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior.
7
Q
Sokoto Caliphate
A
large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.
8
Q
Solidarity
A
Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.
9
Q
Song Dynasty
A
Empire in southern China (1127-1279) while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.
10
Q
Stalingrad
A
City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd.
11
Q
steam engine
A
A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.
12
Q
steel
A
A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.
13
Q
steppes
A
Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military.
14
Q
stock exchange
A
A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold.
15
Q
Stone Age
A
The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age
16
Q
submarine telegraph cables
A
Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. In the late 1980s this technology was replaced with large submarine fiber optic cables that still today form the basis of most global communication.
17
Q
sub-Saharan Africa
A
Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara.
18
Q
Suez Canal
A
Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.
19
Q
Suleiman the Magnificent
A
The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as ‘The Lawgiver.’ He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.
20
Q
Sumerians
A
The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.
21
Q
Sun Yat-Sen
A
Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.
22
Q
Sunnis
A
Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.
23
Q
Swahili
A
Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.
24
Q
Taiping Rebellion
A
The most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus.
25
Tamil Kingdoms
The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north.
26
Tang Empire
Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an.
27
Tanzimat
Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient.
28
Tenochtitlan
Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.
29
Teotihuacan
A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600.
30
terrorism
targeting random people who are usually civilians with violence for a political purpose.
31
Thebes
Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings. (p. 43)
32
Theravada Buddhism
Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods
33
Third World
Term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.
34
Thomas Edison
American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.
35
Thomas Malthus
Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.
36
three-field system
A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.
37
Tiananmen Square
Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with many deaths.
38
Timur
Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire.
39
Tokugawa Shogunate
was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.
40
Treaty of Nanking
Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.
41
Treaty of Versailles
The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans.
42
Treaty Ports
Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the in these cities, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.
43
tributary system
A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China.
44
tribute system
A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.
45
trireme
Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers.
46
czar
From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505).
47
Uigurs
A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. (p. 284)
48
ulama
Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)
49
Umayyad Caliphate
First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.
50
umma
The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.
51
United Nations
International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.
52
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.
53
Varna
The four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class.
54
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.
55
vassal
In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord, usually in exchange for the use of land.
56
Vedas
Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down.
57
Victorian Age
Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people
58
Vladimir Lenin
Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.
59
Western Front
A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.
60
witch-hunt
The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
61
Woodrow Wilson
President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.
62
World Bank
A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
63
WTO
The initials of the international body established in 1995 to foster and bring order to international trade.
64
Yin and yang
In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities.
65
Yongle
Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel
66
Yuan Empire
He created this dynasty in China and Siberia. Khubilai Khan was head of the Mongol Empire and grandson of Genghis Khan.
67
Zen
The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation.
68
Zheng He
An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
69
Zhou
The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History.
70
ziggurat
massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown.
71
Zoroastrianism
A religion originating in ancient Iran. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil
72
Zulu
A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818.
73
Date: Beginnings of Agriculture
10000 BCE
74
Date: Beginning of Bronze Age and river valley civilizations (Hint: _000s BCE)
3000s BCE
75
Date: Iron Age
1300 BCE
76
Date: Origin of Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism
6th century BCE
77
Date: Greek Golden Age - Philosophers
5th century BCE
78
Date: Alexander the Great dies
323 BCE
79
Date: Qin Unified China
221 BCE
81
Date: Beginnings of Christianity
32 CE
83
Date: End of Pax Romana
180 CE
85
Date: End of Han Dynasty
220 CE
87
Date: Roman Capital moved to Constantinople
333 CE
89
Date: Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
4th century CE
91
Date: Fall of Rome
476 CE
93
Date: Justinian rule of Byzantine Empire
527 CE
95
Date: Rise of Islam
632 CE
97
Date: Battle of Tours
732 CE
99
Date: East-West Great Schism in Christian Church (Hint: __54 CE)
1054 CE
100
Date: Norman Conquest of England
1066 CE
102
Date: Battle of Manzikert
1071 CE
104
Date: First Crusade
1095 CE
106
Date: Mongols sack Baghdad
1258 CE
108
Date: Marco Polo Travels
1271-1295 CE
110
Date: Mansa Musa's Pilgrimage
1324 CE
112
Date: Travels of Ibn Battuta begin
1325 CE
114
Date: Black Death hits Europe
1347 CE
116
Date: End of Zheng He's Voyages/Rise of Ottomans (Hint: __33 CE)
1433 CE
117
Date: Ottomans capture Constantinople (Hint: __53 CE)
1453 CE
118
Date: Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope
1488
120
Date: Columbus "Sailed the Ocean Blue" / Reconquista of Spain (Hint: 1__2)
1492
121
Date: Slaves begin moving to Americas (Hint: 1__2)
1502
122
Date: Martin Luther and 95 Theses (Hint: 1__9)
1517
123
Date: Cortez conquered the Aztecs (Hint: 1__1)
1521
124
Date: Pizarro Toppled the Incas (Hint: 1__3)
1533
125
Date: Battle of Lepanto (Hint: 1__1)
1571
126
Date: Defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British (Hint: 1__8)
1588
127
Date: Battle of Sekigahara - Beginning of Tokugawa (Hint: 1__0)
1600
128
Date: Founding of Jamestown (Hint: 1__7)
1607
129
Date: Thirty Years War begins (Hint: 1__8)
1618
130
Date: unsuccessful Ottoman seige of Vienna (Hint: 1_83)
1683
131
Date: Glorious Revolution / English Bill of Rights (Hint: 1__9)
1689
132
Date: 7 years war between France and Britain begins (Hint: 1__6)
1756
133
Date: American Revolution/Smith writes Wealth of Nations (Hint: 1__6)
1776
134
Date: French Revolution begins
1789
135
Date: Haitian Independence (Hint: 1__4)
1804
136
Date: Congress of Vienna (Hint: 1__5)
1815
137
Date: Decade when Independence in mainland Latin America began (Hint: 1__0s)
1810s
138
Date: First Opium War in China (Hint: 1__9)
1839
139
Date: Many European Revolutions / Marx and Engles write Communist Manifesto (Hint: 1__8)
1848
140
Date: Commodore Perry opens Japan to trade (Hint: 1__3)
1853
141
Date: Sepoy Mutiny or failed Indian revolution against British East India Company colonial rule (Hint: 1__7)
1857
142
Date: End of Russian Serfdom/Italian Unification (Hint: 1__1)
1861
143
Date: Emancipation Proclamation in US (Hint: 1__3)
1863
144
Date: German Unification (Hint: 1__1)
1871
145
Date: Berlin Conference - Division of Africa (Hint: 1__5)
1885
146
Date: Spanish-American War - US acquires Philippines,Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico (Hint: 1__8)
1898
147
Date: Boer War - British in control of South Africa (Hint: 1__9)
1899
148
Date: Russo-Japanese War (Hint: 1__5)
1905
149
Date: Start of the ten year long Mexican Revolution. Not to be confused with Mexican war of Independence (1810-1821) (Hint: 1__0)
1910
150
Date: Chinese Revolution against traditional Chinese Imperial system. (Hint: 1__1)
1911
151
Date: WWI (from start to finish)
1914-1918
153
Date: Year of successful Russian Revolution(s)
1917
154
Date: Treaty of Versailles - End of WWI
1919
155
Date: Stock Market Crash
1929
156
Date: Japanese invasion of Manchuria (Hint: 1__1)
1931
157
Date: Italian invasion of Ethiopia (Hint: 1__5)
1935
158
Date: German blitzkrieg in Poland starting WWII in Europe.
1939
159
Date: Pearl Harbor, entry of US into WWII
1941
160
Date: end of WWII
1945
161
Date: independence & partition of India
1947
162
Date: declaration of of Israeli statehood
1948
163
Date: Chinese Communist Revolution
1949
164
Date: Korean War starts
1950
165
Date: Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien Phu (Hint: 1__4)
1954
166
Date: de-Stalinization in Russia; Egyptian nationalization of Suez Canal (Hint: 1__6)
1956
167
Date: Cuban Revolution (Hint: 1__9)
1959
168
Date: Cuban Missile Crisis
1962
169
Date: Six-day war in Israel; Chinese Cultural Revolution (Hint: 1__7)
1967
170
Date: Iranian Revolution (Hint: 1__9)
1979
171
Date: 1st Palestinian Intifada (Hint: 1__7)
1987
172
Date: Tiananmen Square protest in China; Fall of Berlin Wall in Germany
1989
173
Date: fall of USSR; 1st Gulf war near Iraq (Hint: 1__1)
1991
174
Date: genocide in Rwanda/1st all race elections in S. Africa (Hint: 1__4)
1994
175
Date: 9/11 Attacks
2001
176
Abbasid Dynasty
Muslim dynasty after Ummayd, a dynasty that lasted about two centuries that had about 150 years of Persia conquer and was created by Mohammad's youngest uncle's sons
177
Abolition
The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal. Begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s.
178
Absolutism
a form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power.
179
Achaemenid Empire
The name of an ancient Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) which was composed of many smaller kingdoms. The realm was divided into twenty-three districts whose administration and taxation was managed by satraps, or subordinate local rulers.
180
African diaspora
The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.
181
Akbar
The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India.
182
Aristotle
Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.
183
Aryans
nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system
184
Assyrian Empire
this empire covered much of what is now mesopotamia, syria, palestine, egypt, and anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eigth centuries BCE
185
Athens
This city was the seat of Greek art, science, and philosophy. Paul visited this city during his second missionary journey and spoke to the citizens about their altar to the unknown god.
186
Atlantic Slave Trade
Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.
187
Aztecs
(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.
188
Bantu migration
The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000
189
Bronze Age
a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze
190
Bubonic plague
disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.
191
Buddhism
the teaching that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth
192
Byzantine Empire
Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.
193
Carolingian Empire
Charlemagne's empire; covered much of western and central Europe; largest empire until Napoleon in 19th century
194
Caste System
a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society
195
Catherine the Great
ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations
196
Chavin
the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C.
197
china
In the classical and postclassical era, people in this country invented the compass, the rudder, and gun powder, among other things.
198
Christianity
a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior
199
Christopher Columbus
Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.
