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APWH Exam Review > APWH Exam Review 5 > Flashcards

APWH Exam Review 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Commercial Revolution

A

the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

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2
Q

Confucianism

A

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

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3
Q

Confucius

A

Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC)

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4
Q

Counter Reformation

A

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

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5
Q

Crusades

A

a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

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6
Q

Daoism

A

philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events

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7
Q

Dar al islam

A

an Arabic term that means the “house of Islam” and that refers to lands under Islamic rule

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8
Q

Deism

A

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

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9
Q

Wudi

A

emperor under the Han Dynasty that wanted to create a stronger central government by taking land from the lords, raising taxes and places the supply of grain under the government’s control

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10
Q

Encomienda

A

Labor system created by Spain which allowed Spanish settlers in the Americas to control the lands AND people of a certain territory, in turn the Spanish had to pay the natives and teach them Catholicism. The system was intended to help the natives from exploitation, but the system itself turned into a coercive labor system.

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11
Q

English Civil War

A

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

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12
Q

Fall of the Roman Empire

A

The fall of this empire was precipitated by Germanic attacks and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. Rome and Western Europe was overrun by the German tribes but they respected the Roman culture and learned from their roman sunjects. Some Roman government and cultural ideas survived and blended with Germanic culture.

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13
Q

Ghana

A

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.

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14
Q

Genghis Khan

A

Founder of the Mongol Empire.

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15
Q

Gupta Dynasty

A

(ad 320-500)ruled indias golden age in science, art, and literature

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16
Q

Haciendas

A

Large Spanish colonial estates usually owned by wealthy families but worked by many peasants

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17
Q

Han Dynasty

A

imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy

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18
Q

Hebrews

A

the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac’s son Jacob)

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19
Q

Hellenistic Empire

A

The name of Alexander the Great’s Empire

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20
Q

Hinduism

A

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

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21
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A

Religious divisions due to the Reformation and religious wars in 16th and 17th centuries split Germany among Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist prince. Gave way to new empires

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22
Q

Homo Sapiens

A

A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools.

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23
Q

Ibn Battuta

A

(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.

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24
Q

Incas

A

Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru

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25
Q

Indentured Servitude

A

labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities. Often used in the late 19th and early 20th century as a replacement of slave labor, but with fairly similar exploitative working conditions. Laborers were often transported thousands of miles and could not easily afford to return home.

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26
Q

Indian Ocean

A

Large amounts of rade happened in this body of water between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants. Particularly in the postclassical period 9600-1450)

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27
Q

Indo-Europeans

A

Many people and languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India share a common linguistic traits due to being part of this ancient group.

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28
Q

Indus

A

The civilization from this river’s valley (3500 BC to 2500 BC) had two thriving cities which were Mohenjodaro and Harappa.

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29
Q

Iron metallurgy

A

Extraction of iron from its ores. allowed for cheaper stronger production of weapons and tools. More abundant than tin and copper

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30
Q

Islam

A

the religious faith of Muslims, based on the words and religious system founded by the prophet Muhammad and taught by the Koran, the basic principle of which is absolute submission to a unique and personal god, Allah.

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31
Q

Ivan the Terrible

A

(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.

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32
Q

Jainism

A

a religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn’t be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion.

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33
Q

Janissaries

A

30,000 Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

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34
Q

Jesus

A

A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel. A teacher and prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity. Christians believe Jesus to be Son of God.

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35
Q

John Calvin

A

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibly of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)

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36
Q

Joint Stock Company

A

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company’s profits and debts.

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37
Q

Julius Caesar

A

Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power

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38
Q

Justinian’s Code

A

Laws of the byzantine empire based the twelve tables of Roman law, became a basis for laws in many European nations

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39
Q

King Henry VIII of England

A

King of England from 1509 to 1547 and founder of the Church of England; he broke with the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce.

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40
Q

King Louis XIV of France

A

Ruled with an iron fist for 60 years, and always wanted war. Believed in Divine Right theory, in which God chose him to rule over the masses and that anyone who challenged him would be challenging God. Thought that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government, and that men couldn’t be trusted to govern themselves.

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41
Q

Phillip II

A

336 BC, was an ancient Greek king of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336. He was the father of Alexander the Great.

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42
Q

Kingdom of Kongo

A

Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders

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43
Q

Legalism

A

Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws

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44
Q

Mali

A

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade (see Mansa Musa)

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45
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

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46
Q

Manorialism

A

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

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47
Q

Marco Polo

A

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

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48
Q

Martin Luther

A

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

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49
Q

Matteo Ricci

A

Portuguese Jesuit missionary who went to China, assimilated into Chinese culture and language and ran a Christian mission in China.

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50
Q

Alexander the Great

A

Chandragupta Maurya is believed to have modeled his conquest of India (forming the Mauryan Empire) off of the conquests of what other leader?

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51
Q

Mayans

A

a member of a major pre-Columbian civilization of the Yucatán Peninsula that reached its peak in the 9th century a.d. and produced magnificent ceremonial cities with pyramids, a sophisticated mathematical and calendar system, hieroglyphic writing, and fine sculpture, painting, and ceramics.

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52
Q

Mayans

A

1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hempishere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order.

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53
Q

Medieval Japan

A

1185 - 1608 a period of Japanese history when aristocratic Japanese warlords controlled land and economy.

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54
Q

Mercantilism

A

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation’s wealth by government regulation of all of the nation’s commercial interests

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55
Q

Mesopotamia

A

The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; birthplace of the Sumerian and Babylonian Civilizations.land between the rivers.

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56
Q

Millet System

A

Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.

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57
Q

Ming Dynasty

A

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

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58
Q

Mongol Empire

A

an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.

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59
Q

Muhammad

A

the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

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60
Q

Mycenaeans

A

a group of people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.; leading city called Mycenae which could withstand any attack; nobles lived in splendor; these people invaded many surrounding kingdoms

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61
Q

Neo-Confucianism

A

term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T’ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism

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62
Q

Egypt

A

society was ruled by a pharaoh considered the incarnation of the sun god who controled acces to the Nile; they had hieroglyphics, the 365-day calender, they were polythestic and worshipped the dead

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63
Q

Oceania

A

a large group of islands in the south Pacific including Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia (and sometimes Australasia and the Malay Archipelago)

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64
Q

Olmecs

A

(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.priests/aristocrats were at the top of society, built a ceremonial center, wroshiped the jaguar and werejaguar, best remains are the stone carved heads at la venta, use of calendar, spread through trade, known for art, most important legacy was priestly leadership and devotion

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65
Q

Olympics

A

Greek athletic competitions to celebrate the Gods and feed city-state rivalries

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66
Q

Ottoman Empire

A

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire.

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67
Q

Paleolithic Era

A

called the old stone age (from 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago); they were concerned with food supply; they used stone as well as bone tools; they were nomadic hunters and gatherers.

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68
Q

Patriarchy

A

a form of social organization in which the father is the supreme authority in the family, clan, or tribe and descent is reckoned in the male line, with the children belonging to the father’s clan or tribe.

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69
Q

Persian Wars

A

Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius’s punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus.

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70
Q

Peter the Great

A

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

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71
Q

Phoenicians

A

located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform

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72
Q

Polis

A

A city-state in ancient Greece.

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73
Q

Portuguese Empire

A

took lead in European exploration (sponsored by Prince Henry); went East and found gold in Africa (the Cape of Good hope) and India for spice trade

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74
Q

Protestant Reformation

A

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church but resulted in the creation of new splinter churches who today are collectively known as Protestants

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75
Q

Qin Dynasty

A

the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall

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76
Q

Qing Dynasty

A

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Also known for its extreme isolationism.

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77
Q

Queen Elizabeth I

A

This “virgin” queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England

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78
Q

Quran

A

the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

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79
Q

Florence

A

This city was once of hot spots of Renaissance culture in the 1400s,

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80
Q

Repartimiento system

A

required adult male Native Americans to devote a set number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises. PROBLEM- abused workers due to sense of urgency and exploitation

81
Q

Roman Empire

A

Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.

82
Q

Roman Law

A

this Roman contribution delt mostly with the rights of Roman citizens; one belief was that it should be fair and equal to all people

83
Q

Roman Republic

A

The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.

84
Q

Roman roads

A

allowed for better military transportation and facilitated trade throughout their empire. Cities grew larger and more powerful. Appian Way, 53,000 miles make up all the Roman roads, User-contributed everyone could share supplies, 55,000miles of roads, communication, soldiers

85
Q

Safavid Empire

A

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi’ite state.

86
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

the era of scientific thought in europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned

87
Q

Serfdom

A

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.

88
Q

Seven Years War

A

Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.

89
Q

Shang Dynasty

A

Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They’re best remembered for their art of bronze casting.

90
Q

Shi Huangdi

A

Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163

91
Q

Silk Road

A

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.

92
Q

Silver

A

Due to the changes in the growing Atlantic economy, by 1581 China was requiring that all land taxes were to be paid for with what form of currency?

93
Q

Skepticism

A

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

94
Q

Africa

A

In the 16th century, warfare between states/groups in _______ for the purposes of capturing new slaves to be taken to the Atlantic market increased dramatically.

95
Q

Socrates

A

philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method. condemed to death for corrupting young minds.

96
Q

Songhay Empire

A

A state located in western Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, it was one of the largest Islamic empires in history.

97
Q

Sparta

A

Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts

98
Q

blankets

A

In 1763, British soldiers fighting native Americans in the Pontiac War, are famously accused of giving _______ infected with small pox to the natives. This has been suggested as an early example of germ warfare.

99
Q

St. Petersburg

A

Built by Peter the Great of Russia to attract europeans and to get warm water ports.

100
Q

Stoicism

A

A Hellenistic and Roman philosophy which taught that destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgment and that a wise person would not rely on emotions.

101
Q

Sufis

A

mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life

102
Q

Sui Dynasty

A

The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China

103
Q

Suleyman the Magnificent

A

Ottoman Sultan (1512-20) expansion in Asia and Europe, helped Ottomans become a naval power, challegned Christian vessles througout the Mediterranian. 16th Century. The “lawgiver” who was so culturally aware yet exacted murder on two of his sons and a grandson in order to prevent civil war. Ottoman.

104
Q

Sunni Islam

A

believe that only the fourth successor (Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law) had the right to succeed the prophet - in Ottoman empire

105
Q

Shia Islam

A

is the belif that people should have Mohammeds descands as their leaders

106
Q

Taj Mahal

A

beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife

107
Q

Tang Dynasty

A

dynasty often referred to as China’s Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria

108
Q

Song Dynasty

A

(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings

109
Q

Teotihuacan

A

first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic “pyramid of the sun”.

110
Q

The Enlightenment

A

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700’s and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

111
Q

Forbidden City

A

Built in the Ming Dynasty, was a stunning monument in Bejing built for Yonglo. All commoners and foreigners were forbidden to enter without special permission.

112
Q

Great Wall

A

a vast Chinese defensive fortification begun in the 3rd century B.C. and running along the northern border of the country for 2,400 km

113
Q

Romanovs

A

Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries.

114
Q

Thirty Years War

A

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg’s, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

115
Q

Timbuktu

A

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

116
Q

Tokugawa Shogunate

A

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan’s ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas

117
Q

Toltecs

A

Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula after migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice.

118
Q

Trading Post Empires

A

Built initially by the portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.

119
Q

Trans Saharan trade

A

route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

120
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

121
Q

Umayyad Dynasty

A

Who: Governor of Syria, Muawiya, and his successors, Shi’ites, Sunnis, Kharijites, Uthman. What: Dynasty based on succession rather than election following the first period of caliphates. Continued advances in the kingdom, venturing as far as China and deep into Asia, claiming Afghanistan for a Muslim base. Fell apart due to tension in the kingdom between the Sunnis, Shi’ites, and Kharijites, the malawis (Muslim converts) and born Muslims, and the religion and state. When: 661-750 Where: Middle East, Damascus Why: Beginning of great strife in the Muslim community

122
Q

Vedas

A

Early Eastern sacred knowledge. by braham priests

123
Q

Vedic Age

A

A period in the history of India; It was a period of transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled village communities, with cattle the major form of wealth.

124
Q

Vikings

A

one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century.

125
Q

Warring States Period

A

time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E.

126
Q

Westernization

A

policy of Peter the Great. Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

127
Q

Yellow River

A

English name for the Huang He River in the north of China where the first Chinese civilization emerged.

128
Q

Zheng He

A

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

129
Q

Zoroastrianism

A

system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster noun

130
Q

baroque

A

Major Western artistic style from 1500s to 1700s. Climactic, dramatic, dark vs. usage, shocking/ gruesome

131
Q

neoclassical

A

Major Western artistic style from 1600s to 1800s. Symmetry, Greek/ Roman influence, patterns, simple in color

132
Q

realism

A

Major Western artistic style of the 19th century. Against Romanticism, precise imitation w/o alteration, personal experiences, peasants/ everyday people

133
Q

romanticism

A

Major Western artistic style of 1700s and 1800s.Against Neoclassicism, spontaneous, mysterious/ exotic, untamed/ powerful nature, embraces folklore and national traditions, glorification of heroes

134
Q

impressionism

A

Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful.

135
Q

Latin America

A

This region in the 19th century experienced a wave of independence movements following the American and French Revolutions.

136
Q

Reichstag

A

the parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building). Previously the general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the North German Confederation. After 1949 it was replaced with the current German parliament, the Bundestag.

137
Q

Spanish-American War

A

conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States. Fought mainly for the issue of Cuban independence from Spain.

138
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November, 1814 to June, 1815. Its objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

139
Q

Schlieffen Plan

A

German General Staff’s early 20th century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war where it might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east.

140
Q

Iron Law of Wages

A

proposed principle of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker.

141
Q

Mughal Empire

A

an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.

142
Q

Revolutions of 1848

A

a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described by some historians as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, soon spread to the rest of Europe.

143
Q

Crimean War

A

war fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of the British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Duchy of Nassau on the other.

144
Q

Adam Smith

A

Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.

145
Q

Balkans

A

geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. Greece and the region North of Greece.

146
Q

Tanzimat Reforms

A

began under Sultan Mahmud II. On November 3, 1839, Sultan Abdülmecid issued an organic statute for the general government of the empire named the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane (the imperial garden where it was first proclaimed). It guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes

147
Q

Open Door Policy

A

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

148
Q

Hinduism

A

The architecture of this 12th century temple complex of Angkor Wat in Cambodia shows the influence of what religious culture?

149
Q

Buddhism

A

This artistic ritual is related to what religion?

150
Q

Millennium

A

A historical period of 1000 years.

151
Q

Century

A

A period of 100 years.

152
Q

Kulak

A

A Russian peasant farmer who owns land. Late imperial and early Soviet eras.

153
Q

Predestination

A

Often associated with Calvinism in the Protestant Reformation, it is the doctrine that God has already chosen who will be saved and become Christian and that people have no actual choice in the matter.

154
Q

Red Guards

A

the Radical youth of the Cultural Revolution in China starting in 1966. Often wore red armbands and carried Mao’s Little Red Book.

155
Q

Phoenicians

A

Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, these merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce.

156
Q

Western Wall

A

Sometimes called the Wailing Wall, this Sacred Jewish site is what remains of the former Israelite temple prior to the 1st century CE war with Rome and subsequent Jewish diaspora.

157
Q

Ghengis Khan

A

The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the ‘universal’ leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire.

158
Q

Jihad

A

A contoversial term in Islam that literally means “striving in the way of Allah”

159
Q

Isolationism

A

the policy of separating one’s country from the economic and political interactions with the rest of the world. nations

160
Q

Militarism

A

The tendency to regard military greatness as the supreme ideal of the state and to subordinate all other interests to those of the military.

161
Q

Revolution

A

An overthrow and replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed.

162
Q

Sectarian

A

Devoted to a particular religious sect, particularly when referring to religious involvement in politics

163
Q

Recession

A

A slowdown in economic activity over a period of time. During one of these periods all of the following things decline: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, investment spending, capacity utilization, household incomes, business profits and inflation. Meanwhile bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise.

164
Q

Radical

A

Favoring drastic political, economic, or social reforms.

165
Q

Nationalize

A

To bring under the ownership or control of a nation, such as industries and land.

166
Q

United Nations

A

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

167
Q

Truman Doctrine

A

Common name for the Cold War strategy of containment versus the Soviet Union and the expansion of communism. This doctrine was first asserted by President Truman in 1947.

168
Q

Leon Trotsky

A

Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin

169
Q

Abdicate

A

to renounce or relinquish a throne, right, power, claim, responsibility, or the like, especially in a formal manner

170
Q

Armistice

A

A cease fire or temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement of the warring parties.

171
Q

Capitalism

A

An economic system based on a free market, open competition, profit motive and private ownership of the means of production.

172
Q

Communism

A

According to Karl Marx, a classless and stateless society at its ultimate peak of historical development.

173
Q

Conservative

A

A political viewpoint disposed to preserve existing conditions, institutions, etc., or to restore traditional ones.

174
Q

Containment

A

an act or policy of restricting the territorial growth or ideological influence of another, such as the US Cold War policy toward the USSR.

175
Q

Deposed

A

to remove from office or position, esp. high office: The people _______ the dictator.

176
Q

Egalitarian

A

Characterized by belief in the equality of all people, especially in political and social life.

177
Q

Ethnic Cleansing

A

the elimination of an unwanted ethnic group or groups from a society, as by genocide or forced emigration.

178
Q

Globalization

A

The process of the world becoming more economically interconnected and interdependent. The tendency of investment funds and businesses to move beyond domestic and national markets to other markets around the globe, thereby increasing the interconnectedness of different markets.

179
Q

Guerrilla

A

a member of a band of irregular soldiers that uses guerrilla warfare, harassing the enemy by surprise raids, sabotaging communication and supply lines, etc.

180
Q

Liberal

A

A political view that advocates for rule of law, representative government, and egalitarianism.

181
Q

Secular

A

When something such as a government or cultural product is not based on religion it is said to be this.

182
Q

Apartheid

A

A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained.

183
Q

Berlin Airlift

A

supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin, which was located in the middle of Russian controlled East Germany.

184
Q

Fidel Castro

A

Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the regime of the dictator Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state

185
Q

Che Guevara

A

was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, intellectual, guerrilla leader, diplomat, military theorist, and major figure of the Cuban Revolution. Since his death, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous counter-cultural symbol.

186
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A

A confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missile sites in Cuba

187
Q

civil disobedience

A

Is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, especially by people who believe the law or the government to not be legitimate or moral.

188
Q

Great Leap Forward

A

economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China’s vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society.

189
Q

Mao Zedong

A

Chinese Communist leader from 1949 to 1976.

190
Q

Marshall Plan

A

a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.

191
Q

Rape of Nanjing

A

a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the Chinese city of Nanjing. During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000-80,000 women were raped[1] by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army.

192
Q

European Union

A

an association of European nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration.

193
Q

Flu Pandemic of 1918

A

The deadliest natural disaster in human history. Killed between 50-100 million people following WWI.

194
Q

Abbasid Caliphate

A

third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. The rulers who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs. In started in 750 CE. It flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. In the 13th century the Mongols displaced them.

195
Q

circa

A

When noting dates the letter “c.” before a date represents what? (example: Jesus was born c. 5 BCE). It means approximately.

196
Q

Authoritarian

A

A style of government characterized by submission to authority. It tends to opposed individualism and democracy. In its most extreme cases it is one in which political power is concentrated in a leader or leaders, who possess exclusive, unaccountable, and arbitrary power.

197
Q

Malaria

A

This disease is commonly associated with poverty and is spread by mosquitos. Each year 1-3 million people mostly in sub-saharan Africa die of this diesase and hundreds of millions are infected.

198
Q

Smallpox

A

The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.

199
Q

Islamic Golden Age

A

A hypothetical period that describes the status of the Islamic world from the mid-8th to the mid-13th century CE (sack of Baghdad by Mongols). During this period, artists, engineers, scholars, poets, philosophers, geographers and traders in the Islamic world contributed to agriculture, the arts, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, sociology, and technology, both by preserving earlier traditions and by adding inventions and innovations of their own.

APWH Exam Review (8 decks)

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