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Psychology Paper 2 > Approaches Knowledge > Flashcards

Approaches Knowledge Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those functions impacting behaviour in a given context.

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2
Q

Who opened the first laboratory dedicated to psychological enquiry?

A

Wilhem Wundt opened the first laboratory dedicated to psychological enquiry in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany.

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3
Q

What was Wundt’s objective in psychology?

A

Wundt’s objective was to document and describe the nature of human consciousness.

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4
Q

What approach is Wundt known for?

A

Wundt is known for the development of introspection and his approach can be described as structuralism.

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5
Q

What is introspection in psychology?

A

Introspection involves people ‘looking into’ their own mental and emotional states to gain knowledge about themselves.

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6
Q

How did Wundt contribute to psychology as a science?

A

Wundt’s introspection marked the separation of modern scientific psychology from its broader philosophical roots.

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7
Q

What methods did Wundt use in his research?

A

Wundt used strict controlled conditions, standardised instructions, and replication of procedures.

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8
Q

What are the four goals of psychology?

A

1) Description – to tell people what has occurred. 2) Explanation – tells people why a behaviour or a mental process occurred. 3) Prediction – to identify conditions under which a future behaviour or mental process is likely to occur. 4) Change – to apply psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted behaviour and to bring about desired change.

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9
Q

What did Watson criticize about introspection?

A

Watson criticized introspection as he thought it was too subjective and involved measuring concepts that could not be seen.

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10
Q

What is the behaviourist approach?

A

The behaviourist approach restricts psychology to studying phenomena that can be observed and measured.

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11
Q

What is the legacy of behaviourism in modern psychology?

A

Many modern psychologists continue to rely on the experimental method as part of their research and practices.

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12
Q

What is the cognitive revolution?

A

The cognitive revolution of the 1960s broadened the scope of research in psychology to include the study of mental processes.

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13
Q

What did Freud found?

A

Freud was the founder of the psychodynamic approach.

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14
Q

What does the psychodynamic approach emphasize?

A

The psychodynamic approach emphasizes individual change and development.

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15
Q

What is the role of the unconscious mind according to Freud?

A

The unconscious mind is thought to drive behaviour and must be accessed to rectify issues with an individual’s behaviour.

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16
Q

What is the iceberg model?

A

The iceberg model explains the conscious mind as the tip of the iceberg, the preconscious mind as part of the iceberg visible above water, and the unconscious mind as the part below water.

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17
Q

What are the three parts of personality in Freud’s theory?

A

The three parts of personality are the Id, Ego, and Superego.

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18
Q

What does the Id represent?

A

The Id is the primitive part of personality that operates on the pleasure principle and demands instant gratification.

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19
Q

What is the role of the Ego?

A

The Ego develops between 18 months and 3 years and operates on the reality principle, mediating between the Id and the Superego.

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20
Q

What does the Superego represent?

A

The Superego is an individual’s internalised sense of right and wrong, formed at the end of the phallic stage.

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21
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

Defence mechanisms distort reality to reduce anxiety and stop people from being overwhelmed by temporary threats or traumas.

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22
Q

What are the psychosexual stages of development?

A

The psychosexual stages are a series of stages individuals progress through from birth into adulthood, each marked by a different conflict.

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23
Q

What is the Oedipus Complex?

A

The Oedipus Complex describes how little boys develop incestuous feelings towards their mother and a rivalry with their father during the phallic stage.

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24
Q

What is the Electra Complex?

A

The Electra Complex describes how girls experience penis envy and develop desires for their father, eventually identifying with their mother.

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25
Q

What do learning approaches focus on?

A

Learning approaches focus on how individuals are a product of learning, emphasizing experience and environment.

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26
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning is learning through association, first demonstrated by Pavlov with dogs.

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27
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement, investigated by Skinner.

28
Q

What is a Skinner box?

A

A Skinner box, also known as an operant conditioning chamber, is a device used to objectively record an animal’s behaviour in a compressed time frame.

29
Q

What does a Skinner box contain for rats?

A

It contains a response lever that releases a food pellet, loudspeakers, lights for signals, and a metal floor that can be electrified.

30
Q

What is positive reinforcement in the context of a Skinner box?

A

Positive reinforcement involves rewarding the rat with a food pellet every time it presses the lever, leading to repeated behaviour.

31
Q

What is negative reinforcement in the context of a Skinner box?

A

Negative reinforcement involves electrocuting the floor, where pressing the lever stops the electric shocks, leading to repeated behaviour to avoid the unpleasant stimulus.

32
Q

Who proposed Social Learning Theory (SLT)?

A

Albert Bandura proposed Social Learning Theory (SLT) as a development of the behaviourist approach.

33
Q

What are the basic assumptions of Social Learning Theory?

A

1) Behaviour is learned from the environment. 2) Behaviour can be learnt directly through classical and operant conditioning, and indirectly through observing others.

34
Q

What is the role of a model in Social Learning Theory?

A

In SLT, there must be a role model for an observer to watch, providing examples of behaviour that can be imitated.

35
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Vicarious reinforcement occurs when an observer is more likely to imitate a model’s behaviour if the model experiences positive reinforcement.

36
Q

What are the four processes necessary for learning from a role model?

A

1) Pay attention to the behaviour. 2) Retain (remember) the behaviour. 3) Reproduce the behaviour. 4) Be motivated to perform the behaviour based on vicarious reinforcement.

37
Q

What factors influence the identification with a role model?

A

The individual must feel similar to the role model in terms of gender, age, ethnicity, and status to want to emulate them.

38
Q

What was the aim of Bandura’s research?

A

To examine whether aggression can be learned through modelling.

39
Q

What was the research design of Bandura’s study?

A

A lab experiment where the independent variable was the model observed (aggressive, non-aggressive, or control) and the dependent variable was the number of aggressive acts shown.

40
Q

What were the findings of Bandura’s research?

A

Children who saw the aggressive model produced more aggressive acts than those in the other groups. Boys imitated same-sex models more than girls.

41
Q

What conclusions were drawn from Bandura’s research?

A

Aggression can be learned through modelling.

42
Q

What does the cognitive approach suggest?

A

The cognitive approach suggests that internal mental processes can and should be studied in a scientific way through making inferences based on behaviour.

43
Q

What areas does the cognitive approach investigate?

A

It investigates areas such as memory, perception, and thinking that were neglected by learning theories.

44
Q

What are the basic assumptions of the cognitive approach?

A

1) The mind actively processes information from the senses. 2) Internal mental processes can be studied scientifically. 3) Mediational processes occur between stimulus and response. 4) Humans are information processors resembling computers.

45
Q

What is a schema?

A

A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information in the mind.

46
Q

How do schemas influence cognitive processes?

A

Schemas are learned through experience and influence how individuals respond to objects based on their expectations or beliefs.

47
Q

What happens to schemas as individuals age?

A

Schemas become more detailed and sophisticated with age, allowing for better interpretation of information.

48
Q

What are theoretical models in cognitive psychology?

A

Theoretical models are abstract representations that suggest information flows through stages of input, storage, and retrieval.

49
Q

What is the multi-store model of memory?

A

It is an example of a theoretical model that illustrates how information is processed in stages.

50
Q

What do computer models in cognitive psychology do?

A

Computer models imitate the human mind and allow psychologists to test ideas about information processing.

51
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Cognitive neuroscience investigates how cognition is produced by the interaction of neural mechanisms, neurochemistry, and brain structure.

52
Q

What is the significance of brain imaging techniques?

A

They allow scientists to observe and describe the neurological basis of mental processes.

53
Q

What is the biological approach in psychology?

A

The biological approach sees behaviour as rooted in the physiology and biology of the body.

54
Q

What are the basic assumptions of the biological approach?

A

1) Everything psychological is biological. 2) The mind lives in the brain, linking thoughts, feelings, and behaviours to physical processes.

55
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

The genotype is the genetic code in DNA, while the phenotype is the physical appearance resulting from the genotype and environmental influence.

56
Q

What is the role of the nervous system?

A

The nervous system transfers messages to and from the environment and controls physiological functions.

57
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

58
Q

What is the endocrine system responsible for?

A

It maintains hormone levels in the blood and other bodily fluids through glands.

59
Q

How does neurochemistry influence behaviour?

A

Neurochemistry involves the actions of chemicals in the brain, with imbalances linked to mental disorders.

60
Q

What is the principle of natural selection?

A

Genetically determined behaviours that enhance survival and reproduction are naturally selected.

61
Q

What does the humanistic approach emphasize?

A

It emphasizes the importance of subjective experience and each person’s capacity for self-determination.

62
Q

What are the basic assumptions of the humanistic approach?

A

1) Every individual is unique. 2) Individuals have free will. 3) People should be viewed holistically. 4) Rejects scientific models for general principles.

63
Q

What is self-actualisation?

A

The desire to grow psychologically and fulfill one’s full potential.

64
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

A five-level sequence where basic needs must be satisfied before higher psychological needs can be achieved.

65
Q

What is congruence in humanistic psychology?

A

Congruence is when the self-concept and ideal self broadly match, crucial for personal growth.

66
Q

What is client-centred therapy?

A

A therapeutic approach developed by Rogers to help individuals cope with everyday problems and increase self-worth.

Psychology Paper 2 (6 decks)

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