Approaches: Key Terms + Points Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
learning a new behaviour via the process of association, 2 stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal
Timing
timing of pairing between the ns and ucs is important
Extinction
the association between the ucs and cs is not permanent
Spontaneous Recovery
once extinct if you repair the two stimuli the response is formed much faster
Generalisation
once animals have been conditioned they may respond to other stimuli that are similar to the cs
Positive Reinforcement
receiving a reward for a certain behaviour, increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated
Negative Reinforcement
doing a behaviour in order to avoid something unpleasant, increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated
Punishment
an unpleasant consequence of behaviour (finding a way to avoid this would be negative reinforcement), decreases likelihood of behaviour being repeated
Live Model
parent, teacher, friend etc
Symbolic Model
someone portrayed in media eg TV character
Imitation
- while conditioning is a slower process, when a model is provided behaviour patterns can be rapidly acquired and copied
- depend on: the characteristics of model, observers perceived ability to perform, observed consequences
Indentification
- refers to the extent to which an individual can relate to a model and feels that he/she is similar to that person
- observers must feel that they are similar enough to experience the same outcome
- peoplet are also more likely to imitate high status models, celebrities, and people who are perceived as physically attractive
Vicarious Reinforcement
- individuals learn about the likely consequence of an action by viewing the behaviour of a model
- individuals then adjust their later behaviour accordingly
Mediational Processes: Attention
- refers to learning of behaviour
- the extent to which we notice certain behaviours that capture our attention because they are intrinsically interesting unusual or we recognise them
Mediational Processes: Retention
- refers to learning of behaviour
- how well the behaviour is remembered if it is shocking it might strengthen long term memory or if it is simple it might be easy to encode and remember
Mediational Processes: Motor Reproduction
- refers to performance of behaviour
- the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour, for example if it is an easy behaviour to copy (this is based on self-efficacy, which is having the confidence to enact the behaviour)
Mediational Processes: Motivation
- refers to performance of behaviour
- this will or desire to perform the behaviour based on its previous success, this is often determined by whether it was rewarded or punished, often positive vicarious reinforcement can motivate the individual
Social Learning Theory
learning through observing others and imitating their behaviours, indirect as you are watching what happens as a result of someone elses behaviour
Cognitive Approach
- focused on how internal method processes (eg thoughts, perceptions, attention, memory etc) affect our behvaiour
- these processes mediate between stimulus and response
Inferences
cognitive psychologists cant observe these processes so they study them indirectly by making inferences/assumptions about what is going on in the peoples minds based on their behaviour
Internal Mental Process
operations of the mind that mediate between stimulus and response
Theoretical Model
represent certain mental processes in pictorial form
Computer Model
metaphor of computer often used to describe the mind
Schema
mental framework of beliefs + expectations that influence cogntitive processing