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Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different approaches

A 
Behaviour
Social learning theory
Cognitive
Biological 
Bipsychology
Psychodynamic 
Humanistic
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2
Q

What are the key features of the behaviourist approach

A
  • observable behaviour only
  • lab experiments
  • advocate use of animals
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
  • positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment
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3
Q

Why was introspection rejected by behaviourists

A

Concepts were vague and difficult to measure

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4
Q

Why did behaviourists use lab experiments

A

They tried to maintain more control and objectivity

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5
Q

What is introspection

A

Studying and reporting thought processes

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6
Q

Why do behaviourists advocate the use of animals in research

A

The processes that govern learning are the same in all species so non human animals can replace humans as experimental subjects

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7
Q

How do you learn classical conditioning

A

Through association

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8
Q

How does classical conditioning work

A

Before conditioning: unconditioned response to unconditioned stimulus.
During conditioning:
Neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus presented at same time.
After conditioning:
The neutral stimulus before a conditioned stimulus and produces a conditioned response

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9
Q

What did Skinner suggest that learning is

A

An active process whereby humans and animals operate on their environment

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10
Q

In operant conditioning what is behaviour done

A

Shaped and maintained by its consequence

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11
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

Receiving a reward when a behaviour is performed

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12
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

When an animal or humans produces a behaviour that avoids something unpleasant

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13
Q

What is punishment

A

An unpleasant consequence of behaviour

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14
Q

What do positive reinforcement, negative reinforced and punishment do

A

P and N reinforment increase the likelihood that bevaiour will be repeated and punishment decreases the liklihood of the behaviour

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15
Q

Procedure of Skinner study

A

Experiment with rats in specially designed cages. Animals were kept at about three quarters of normal weight to ensure it was hungry. All aspects were controlled.
Every time the rat pulled a lever it was rewarded with food.
In other variations the rat had to perform the behaviour to avoid unpleasant stimulus like electric shock.

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16
Q

Key study for operant conditioning

A

Skinners box

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17
Q

Findings of Skinners box

A

Rewards led to behaviour being repeated (positive reinforcement)
Negative reinforment led to repeated behaviour to avoid negative stimulus

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18
Q

Study for classical conditioning

A

Pavlov

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19
Q

Procedure of pavlovs study

A

Before learning food ( UCS) would produce the innate response of salivation (UCR).
During learning Pavlov would sound a bell ( NS) every time he presented the dog with food. This was done multiple times

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20
Q

Findings of Pavlovs study

A

After learning the dog would salivate (CR) every time the bell was presented on its own (CS).
Through classical conditioning the dog has learnt to associate the sound of the bell with food.

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21
Q

Limitation of the behaviourist approach

A

Using animals has ethical issues. Skinners box allowed behaviourists a high degree of control however Animals involved were exposed to stressful conditionings which may have effected how they reacted to the experimental situation. Means validity of findings might be questionable.

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22
Q

Strength of behaviourist approach (prisons)

A

Real world applications. Token economy systems (based on OC) have been used successfully in prisons. These work by rewarding appropriate behaviour with tokens can be exchanged for privledges. Therefore there’s a good application to help behaviour

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23
Q

Limitation of behaviourist approach (mechanistic)

A

Based on mechanistic view of behaviour. Says we have little conscious insight into our behaviour. Other approaches such as social learning theory and cognitive approach char placed more emphasis on mental events that occur during learning. May suggest that people okay a much more active role in their own learning than the behaviourists day.

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24
Q

Key features of social learning theory

A
  • learning occurs indirectly
  • observing consequences of behaviour
  • mediational (cognitive) processes play crucial role
  • recognised distinction between learning and performance
  • identification with role roles
  • two types of modelling
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25
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement (bandura)

A

Reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour. This is a key factor in imitation

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26
Q

What is social learning theory the bridge between

A

The cognitive approach and behaviourism

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27
Q

What are mediational processes

A

Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response (SLT)

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28
Q

What are the four mediational processes

A

Attention - behaviour is noticed
Retention - whether behaviour is remembered
Motor reproduction - ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
Motivation - the will to perform the behaviour

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29
Q

What is a contrast between behaviourism and social learning theory

A

Learning and performance of behaviour may not necessarily occur together (SLT)

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30
Q

What are role models

A

Children are more likely to imitate the behaviour of people with whom they identify. These are role models: people who have qualities we would like to have and we identify with, this we model or imitate their behaviour and attitudes

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31
Q

What is modelling from the observers perspective

A

It is imitating the behaviour of a role model

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32
Q

What is modelling from the role models perspective

A

Demonstrating behaviour that may be imitated by an observer

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33
Q

Who was the researcher for both studies in social learning theory

A

Bandura

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34
Q

Procedure of Banduras study of role models

A

In the lab, children aged 3-5 years watched a film of an adult behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll.
Second experimental group of children watched an adult interact normally with bobo doll.
Children then led into a room and given toys to play with including a bobo doll. Behaviour towards doll recorded

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35
Q

Findings of bandura study into role models

A

Found differences in behaviour between groups. Aggressive group imitated specific actions they had previously seen and repeating some words like ‘pow’.

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36
Q

Conclusions of Banduras study into role models

A

Children immitate the behaviour of role models even when such behaviour is aggressive.

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37
Q

Who did the study into vicarious reinforcement

A

Bandura

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38
Q

Procedure of Banduras study into vicarious reinforcement

A

Similar to original study but with three groups of children watching.
Group 1: children saw adult praised for aggressive behaviour
Group 2: saw adult punished
Group 3: saw no consequence

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39
Q

Findings of Banduras study into vicarious reinforcement

A

When given own bobo doll: group 1 showed the most aggression followed by group 3 and then 2.

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40
Q

Conclusions of Banduras study into vicarious reinforcement

A

Suggests that imitation of behaviour is more likely if the role model has been rewarded for their actions. This shows the importance of vicarious reinforcement in the learning of behaviour

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41
Q

Strength of social learning theory

A

Emphasises importance of cognitive factors in learning. Behaviourism can’t offer a comprehensive account of human learning because cognitive factors are ommitted. Animals store information about others and use this to make judgements about when to perform certain actions. SLT provides a more convincing explanation of human learning than behaviourism by recognising the importance of mediational processes.

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42
Q

Weakness of SLT (lab)

A

Many of Banduras ideas were developed through observation of children in lab settings raising the problem of demand characteristics. In bobo doll experiment the main purpose of the doll is to hit it so children may have been behaving in a way that they thought was expected. Thus the research may tell us little about his children learn aggression in everyday life.

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43
Q

Weakness of SLT (Biological)

A

Underestimates influence of biological factors. In bobo doll experiments boys showed more aggression than girls. May be explained by hormonal factors such as different levels of testosterone which has been linked to aggression. Means that Bandura May have overlooked the important influence of biological factors on social learning

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44
Q

Strength of SLT ( less determinist)

A

SLT is less determinist than the behaviourist approach. Bandura emphasised reciprocal determinism. This suggests that there is some free will in the way we behave. This is more realistic and flexible position than suggested by the behaviourist approach as it recognises the role we play in shaping our own environment

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45
Q

What is reciprocal determinism

A

A persons behaviour both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the environment

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46
Q

Key features of the cognitive approach

A
  • internal mental processes
  • role of inference in the study of mental processes
  • theoretical models used
  • computer models used
  • idea of schema is central
  • cognitive neuroscience
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47
Q

What does the cognitive approach investigated that was neglected by behaviourism

A

Perception and memory

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48
Q

Why does the cognitive approach have to make inferences

A

Mental process s are private and cannot be observer so cognitive psychologists study them indirectly

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49
Q

What is an important theoretical model in the cognitive approach

A

The information processing approach which suggests that information flows through a sequence of stages that include input, storage and retrieval like in the multi-store model

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50
Q

What is the information processing approach

A

Any theory that equates the mind to a computer: input, processing and output of information

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51
Q

What is the computer analogy in the cognitive approach

A

There are similarities in the way computers and human minds process information.

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52
Q

Example of the computer analogy in the cognitive approach

A

The use of a central processor (the brain), the changing of information into a usable code and the use of ‘stores’ to hold information

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53
Q

What are schemas

A

Packages of information developed through experience. They act as a mental framework for the interpretation of incoming information received by the cognitive system.

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54
Q

What are babies born with

A

Simple motor schemas for innate behaviours such as sucking and grasping. As we get older our schema becomes more detailed and sophisticated

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55
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience

A

Scientific study of the influence of brain structures (‘neuro’) on mental processes (thinking I.e cognition)

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56
Q

With advances of brain scanning techniques in the last 20 years, what have scientists been able to describe

A

The neurological basis of mental processing this includes research into memory that had linked episodic and semantic memories to opposite sides of the prefrontal cortex

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57
Q

Strength of the cognitive approach

A

Uses scientific and objective methods. Cognitive psychologists have always employed controlled and rigorous methods of study like lab experiments. Enabled two fields of biology and cognitive psychologists to come together. Means that the study of the mind has established a credible, scientific basis

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58
Q

Weakness of cognitive approach (reductionism)

A

Based on machine reductionism. Although there are similarities between the human mind and a computer the computer analogy has been criticised. Human emotion has been shown to influence accuracy of recall but there factors are not considered with the computer analogy. Therefore cognitive approach oversimplifies human processing and ignores important aspects that influence performance

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59
Q

Strength of conflictive approach (real life)

A

Application of key concepts to real life. Cognitive approach is dominant in psychology today and has been applied to a wide range of practical and theoretical contexts. It had made important contribution to the field of artificial intelligence and the development of thinking machines (robot). These exciting advances are likely to revolutionise how we live in the future

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60
Q

Weakness of cognitive approach (validity)

A

Lacks validity. Only able to infer mental processes from the behaviour they observe in labs, so the approach sometimes suffer from being too abstract and theoretical. Research is often carried out using artificial stimulus such as recall of word lists in studies of memory which may not represent everyday experience. Therefore research into cognitive processes may lack external validity

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61
Q

Key features of the biological approach

A
  • everything psychological is at first biological
  • behaviour has a genetic and neurochemical basis
  • mind and body being one and the same
  • twin studies are important
  • different between genotype and phenotype
  • Darwin’s theory of evolution to explain behaviour
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62
Q

In biological approach give examples of biological structures and processes within the body

A

Genes
Neurochemistry
Nervous system

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63
Q

What do behaviour geneticists study

A

Whether behaviour characteristics such as intelligence are inherited like physical characteristics like eye colour

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64
Q

What can neurochemistry explain

A

Behaviour for example low levels of serotonin are associated with OCD

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65
Q

How does the biological approach contrast with the cognitive approach

A

For a biological approach the mind lives in the brain meaning all thoughts, feelings and behaviours have a physical basis. Cognitive sees the mind as separate form the brain g

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66
Q

How are twin studies important in investigating the genetic basis of behaviour in the biological approach

A

Determines the extent to which some characteristics have a genetic basis by comparing concordant rates. Higher concordance rates among identical twins than non-identical twins tend to be evidence of a genetic basis

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67
Q

What are concordance rates

A

Extent to which both twins share the same characteristics

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68
Q

What are identical twins called

A

Monozygotic

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69
Q

What are non identical twins called

A

Dizygotic

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70
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype

A

Genotype is their actual genetic makeup whereas phenotype is the way the genes are expressed through physical, behavioural and psychological characteristics

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71
Q

What is the phenotype influenced by

A

Environmental factors

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72
Q

What does genotype and phenotype suggest

A

That much of human behaviour depends on the interaction of nature and nurture

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73
Q

Example of phenotype overriding genotype through environmental influences

A

PKU (phenylketunuria) is an inherited condition which can lead to severe learning difficulties if left unchecked however if the child is placed on special diet they will develop normally

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74
Q

Describe Darwin’s theory of natural selection

A

Any genetically determined behaviour that enhanced survival will be passed on to future generations.
Such genes are described as adaptive and gives the possessor certain advantages.
Attachment behaviours in new burns promote survival and are therefore adaptive and naturally selected

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75
Q

Strength of the biological approach

A

Increased understanding of biochemical processes in the brain has led to the development of defence that treat serious mental disorders like depression. Although these are not effective for all patients they have revalutionised treatment for many. Means that sufferers can manage their condition and live a relatively normal life.

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76
Q

Strength of biological approach (methods)

A

Scientific methods of investigation. Includes scanning techniques such as FMRI and EEG, twin studies and dug trials. With advances in technology it is possible to accurately measure biological processes in ways that are not bias. Means the biological approach is based on reliable data

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77
Q

Limitation of biological approach (determinism)

A

It’s deterministic. Sees humans who are governed by biological causes we have no control over. This is at odds with the legal system which sees offenders as personally and morally responsible for their actions. The discovery of a ‘criminal gene’ may suggest that some people are not acting freely complicating the legal system. This has implications for wider society as criminals may be able to excuse their behaviour

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78
Q

What is the nervous system

A

Specialised network of cells and the primary communication system in the body

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79
Q

What are the two main functions of the nervous system

A

To collect, process and respond to information in the environment.
To co-ordinate the working of different organs and cells in th body.

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80
Q

What is the nervous system divided into

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

81
Q

What is the CNS made up of

A

Brain

Spinal cord

82
Q

What is the brain

A

Centre of all conscious awareness

83
Q

What is the outer layer of the brain called

A

Cerebral cortex

84
Q

Functions of cerebral cortex

A

Distinguished our higher mental functions from those of animals

85
Q

What is the spinal cord

A

Extension of the brain and is responsible for reflex actions

86
Q

What does the spinal cord do

A

Passes messages to and from the brain to the nerves to the PNS

87
Q

What does the PNS do

A

Transmits messages, via millions of neurons to and from the nervous system

88
Q

What is the PNS divided into

A

Autonomic nervous system

Somatic nervous system

89
Q

What does the ANS do

A

Governs vital functions in the body such as breathing, heart rate, digestion, sexual arousal and straw responses.

90
Q

What does the SNS do

A

Controls muscle movement and receives information from sensory receptors

91
Q

How does the endocrine system work

A

Alongside the nervous system to control vital functions in the body through the release of hormones. It works much more slowly than the nervous system but has widespread and powerful effects

92
Q

What do glands produce

A

Hormones

93
Q

What is the major endocrine gland

A

The pituitary gland located in the brain.

94
Q

Why is the pituaitsry gland called the ‘master gland’

A

It controls the release of hormones from all other endocrine glands in the body

95
Q

What do hormones do

A

They are secreted into the bloodstream and affect any cell in the body that has a receptor for that particular hormone

96
Q

Example of the endocrine system in action

A

Thyroxine produced by the thyroid gland affects cells in the heart and also cells throughout the body which increases metabolic rate. This in turn affects growth rates

97
Q

When do the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system work in parallel

A

During a stressful event

98
Q

WhT are the two branches in the ANS

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

99
Q

Outline the endocrine and the ANS working together during a strsssful event

A

Stressor perceived.
Hypothalamus triggers activity in the sympathetic branch of ANS.
ANS changes from resting state (parasympathetic) to the physiologically aroused sympathetic state.
Stress hormone adrenaline is realised from adrenal medulla into blood stream.
This triggers changes in the body like increased heart rate (fight or flight response)
Once threat has passed the parasympathetic returns body to its testing state.

100
Q

Why is the parasympathetic response sometimes referred to as the ‘rest and digest’ response

A

Because it acts as a ‘brake’ and reduced the activities of the body that were increased by the actions of the sympathetic branch

101
Q

What percentage of neurons are located in the brain

A

80%

102
Q

How do neurons transmit signals

A

Electrically and chemically

103
Q

What are the theee types of neurons

A

Motor neurons
Sensory neurons
Relay neurons

104
Q

Characteristics of motor neurons

A

Connect CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands.

Short dendrites and long axons.

105
Q

Characteristics of sensory neurons

A

Carry messages from PNS to the CNS.

Long dendrites and short axons.

106
Q

Characteristics of relay neurons

A

Connect sensory neurons to motor neurons or other relay neurons.
Short dendrites and short axons

107
Q

What is the basic structure of a neuron

A

Cell body includes a nucleus.
Branch like structures called dendrites protrude from cell body.
Axon covered in fatty layer of myelin sheath to protect it.
Gaps in axon called nodes of Ranvier.
End of axoncare terminal buttons.

108
Q

What does he nucleus contain

A

Genetic material of the cell

109
Q

What do dendrites do

A

Carry nerve impulses from neighbouring neurons towards the cell body

110
Q

What does the axon do

A

Carries electrical impulse away from cell body and down the length of neuron

111
Q

What do birds of Ranvier do

A

Speed up the transmission of the impulse

112
Q

What do the terminal buttons at the end of the axon do

A

Communicate with the next neuron in the chain across a gap called the synapse

113
Q

When a neuron is in a resting state what is the inside of the cell compared to the outside

A

Negatively charged

114
Q

When does an action potential occur

A

When a neuron is activated the inside of the cell becomes positively charged for a split second causing it to occur. This creates an electrical impulse hat travels down the axon towards the end of the neuron

115
Q

What is an action potential

A

A short increase and decrease of electrical activity in the membrane of a neuron, transmitting a signal away from the cell body

116
Q

What is a synapse

A

Gap between the post synaptic and pre-synaptic

117
Q

When are signals transmitted electrically or chemically

A

signals within neurons are electrically transmitted whereas between neurons they are chemically transmitted

118
Q

When the electrical impulse reaches the end of the neuron what does it do

A

Triggers the release of neurotransmitters from tiny sacs called synaptic vesicles

119
Q

What is the presynaptic terminal

A

The end of the transmitting neuron, ending at synapse

120
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that diffuse across the synapse to the next neuron in the chain

121
Q

Once the neurotransmitter cross the synapse ehat happens

A

It is taken up by the post-synaptic receptor site on the next neuron. The chemical message is converted back to an electrical impulse and the process of transmission begins again

122
Q

What do each neurotransmitter have

A

Specific functions as each identified one has its own specific molecular structure that fits perfectly into the post-synaptic receptor site.

123
Q

Example of neurotransmitter with a specific function

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) which is found st each point where a motor neuron meets a muscle causing a muscle to contract

124
Q

What two kinds of effects can neurotransmitters have on neighbouring neurons

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

125
Q

What kind of effect does adrenaline have

A

Excitatory. It increases the positive charge of the postsynsptic neuron making it more likely to fire.

126
Q

What is excitation

A

When a neurotransmitter increases the positive charge of the post-synaptic neuron. Increases liklihood that the neuron will fire and pass on the electrical impulse

127
Q

What is inhibition

A

When a neurotransmitter increases the negative charge of the post synaptic neuron. Defresss the liklihood that the neuron will fire and pass on the electrical impulse

128
Q

What effect does serotonin have

A

Inhibitory. Increases the negative charge of the postsynaptic neuron making it less likely to fire.

129
Q

What effect does dopamine have

A

It has both inhibitory and excitatory effects in roughly equal measure

130
Q

What are the key features in the psychodynamic approach

A
  • unconscious mind has influence on behaviour
  • interaction between tripartite structure of personality: id,ego and superego determines behaviour
  • five psychosexual stages that determine adult behaviour
  • Oedipus complex at the phallic stage
  • defence mechanisms are used by the ego to keep the id in check and reduce anxiety
131
Q

According to Freud what is the mind made up of

A

The conscious - what we are aware of
Pre-conscious - thoughts and ideas we become aware of through dreams and slips of the tongue
The unconscious - a vast storehouse of biological drives and instincts

132
Q

What is freuds view of the mind likened to

A

An iceberg

133
Q

What is the id

A

Primitive part of the personality which operates in the pleasure principle and demands instant gratification of its need

134
Q

What is the ego

A

Works on the reality principle and is the mediator between the other two parts of the tripartite

135
Q

What is the super ego

A

Internalised sense of right and wrong. Based on the morality principle, it punished the ego through guild for wrongdoings

136
Q

What did Freud argue about child development

A

It occurs in five stages. Each stage is marked by a different conflict that the child must resolve to move on to the next. Any conflict that is unresolved leads to fixation where the child becomes ‘stuck’ and carries behaviours associated with that stage through to adult life

137
Q

What are he five stages Freud suggests

A 
Oral stage - 0-1 year
Anal stage - 1-3 years 
Phallic stage - 3-5 years
Latency stage 
Genital stage - (puberty)
138
Q

What is the oral stage

A

The focus of pleasure is on the mouth, the mothers breast is the object of desire. Too much or too little can lead to oral fixation later in life like nail biting

139
Q

What is the anal stage

A

Focus of pleasures is in the anus, the child gains pleasure from withholding and eliminating faeces. Conflict here can lead to ‘anal retention’ like being mean or obsessesive or ‘anal retention’ like being messy

140
Q

What is the phallic stage

A

Focus of pleasure is the genital area as the child experiences the Oedipus complex. Conflict may lead to a ‘phallic personality type’ like being homosexual.

141
Q

What is the latency stages

A

Earlier conflicts are repressed

142
Q

What is the genital stage

A

Sexual desires become conscious alongside the onset of puberty

143
Q

What is the Oedipus complex

A

Little boy develop incestuous feelings towards their mother and a murderous hatred for their father. Eventually boys reprsss their feelings for their mother and identify with their father, taking on his gender role and moral values

144
Q

What is the Electra complex

A

Girls experience penis envy - they desire their father and hate their mother. Girls give yo their desire for their father and replace this with a desire for a baby

145
Q

What are defence mechanisms

A

Unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the id and superego (conflict between what I want and what I really ought to do)

146
Q

What are the three defence mechanisms Freud proposed

A

Repression - forcing a distressing memory out of the unconscious mind
Denial - refusing to acknowledge some aspects of reality
Displacement - transferring feelings from their true source onto a substitute target

147
Q

What is the key study for the psychodynamic approach

A

Freud and the case of Little Hans

148
Q

Procedure of Freud’s study of little Hans

A

Han was five years old and developed a phobia of horses after seeing one collapse in the street. Although Freud met Hans briefly most of the analysis was conducted through letters written by hans father

149
Q

Findings of little Hans

A

Freud suggested that Hans phobia was a form of displacement in which his repressed fear of his father was transferred onto horses. Horses were merely a symbolic representation of Hans real unconscious fear: the fear of castration during the Oedipus complex.

150
Q

Limitation of the psychodynamic approach (case studies)

A

Case study method has been criticised: critics suggested it is not possible to make universal claims about human behaviour based on studies of such a small number. Freud’s interpretations were highly subjective for example in Little Hans study it is unlikely that othe researchers would have reached the same conclusion. Freud’s method lacks scientific rigour.

151
Q

Limitation of the psychodynamic approach (determinism)

A

Based on psychic determinism. Says that all behaviour even accidents are determined by unconscious conflicts that are rooted in childhood. Even something as a random slip of the tongue is driven by unconscious forces and has deep symbolic meaning. Extreme determinism and ignores any influence that free will will have on behaviour

152
Q

Strength of the psychodynamic approach

A

Practical applications in the real world. Freud introduces new form of therapy: psychoanalysis. It is designed to access the uncsuous mind using a range of technique such as hypnosis and dream analysis. It is suitable for mild mental disorders but has been criticised as inspproaprste for severe mental disorders like schizophrenia. That said it is the forerunner to many modern day psycho therapies and ‘talking cures’ that has since been established

153
Q

Key features of the humanistic psychology

A
  • concept of free will
  • working towards self actualisation
  • focus on the self
  • aim of therapy is to establish congruence between the self concept and the ideal self
  • parents who impose conditions of worth may prevent personal growth
  • lasting infleunce on counselling
154
Q

What do humanistic psychologists claim

A

We are all unique and psychology should concern itself with the study of subjective experience rather than general laws - a person- centred approach

155
Q

What is self actualisation

A

The desire to grow psychologically and fulfil ones potential - becoming what you are capable of

156
Q

Who created the hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow

157
Q

What does Maslow hierarchy of needs say

A

All four lower levels (deficiency needs) must be met before the individual can work towards self actualisation

158
Q

What does the self refer to

A

Ideas and values that characterises ‘I’ and ‘me’ and includes perception of ‘what I am’ and ‘what I can do’. Focus on the self is a crucial component of humanistic therapy

159
Q

Who argues that for personal growth to be achieved there must be congruence between concept of self and ideal self

A

Rogers

160
Q

What is the ideal self

A

The person they want to be

161
Q

If too big a gap between the two ‘selves’ exists what happens

A

The person will experience a state of incongruence, and self-actualisation will not be possible due to negative feelings of self-esteem

162
Q

What is unconditional positive regard

A

Providing affection and respect without any conditions attached

163
Q

What are some issues that csn br explained by a lack of unconditional positive regard

A

Worthlessness and low self-esteem

164
Q

What is conditions of worth

A

When a parent places limits or boundaries on their love for their children; for instance, a parent saying to a child, ‘I will only love you if… you study medicine’ or ‘if you split up with that boy’

165
Q

What do conditions of worth do to the children in the future

A

Created psychological problems

166
Q

What is Rogers therapy called

A

Client-centred therapy

167
Q

What does client- centred therapy say an effective therapist should provide the client with

A

Genuineness
Empathy
Unconditional positive regard

168
Q

What is the aim of Rogerian therapy

A

Increase feelings of self-esteem and reduce incongruence between the self concept and the ideal self

169
Q

The UK and US where are non-directive counselling used

A

Not only in clinical settings, but throughout education, health, social work and industry

170
Q

Strength of humanistic psychology

A

Anti-reductionist. They reject any attempt to break behaviour into smaller components. They advocate holism. This approach may have more validity than its alternatives by considering meaningful human behaviour within its real life context

171
Q

What is holism

A

The idea that subjective experience can only be understood by considering the whole person

172
Q

Strength of humanistic psychology (optimistic)

A

Portrays a positive image of the human condition. They bring the person back into psychology and promote a positive image of the human condition - seeing people in control of their lives. Freud saw everyone as slaves to their past and claimed all of us existed between ‘common unhappiness and absolute despair’. Humanistic psychology offers a refreshing and optimistic alternative

173
Q

Limitation of humanistic psychology

A

Western cultural bias. Many ideas that are central to humanistic psychology such as individual freedom, personal growth would be more associated with individualist cultures such as United States. Collectivist cultures such as India emphasises the need of groups and interdependence may not identify with the ideals and values of humanistic psychology. Possible the approach doesn’t travel well and it a product of the cultural context in which it was created.

174
Q

Which approaches see learning as continuous

A

Behaviourist approach

Social learning theory

175
Q

Which approaches use stage theories

A

Cognitive approach

176
Q

What approach uses maturation as their view on development

A

Biological approach - genetically determined changes influence behaviour

177
Q

Which approach presents the most coherent theory of development

A

Psychodynamic

178
Q

Which approach see development of the self as ongoing throughout life

A

Humanistic

179
Q

Which approaches is solely nurture based

A

Biological approach - ‘anatomy is destiny’

180
Q

Which approaches are solely nurture based

A

Humanistic - environment and relationships have critical impact on the persons self-concept

Behaviourist and social learning theory - sees babies as blank slates and see all behaviour as learnt through associations and observations

181
Q

Which approaches are a mix between nature and nurture

A

Cognitive approach - recognised information processing abilities are innate but refined through experience

Psychodynamic - much of behaviour is driven by biological drives but saw child’s relationship with its parent as crucial

182
Q

Which approaches are reductionist

A

Behaviourism - breaks up complex learning into easy testing for the lab called environmental reductionism

Social learning theory - reduces learning to handful of key concept

Cognitive approach - machine reductionism through computer analogy and its ignores human emotion

Biological approach - Biological reductionism says behaviour is at the level of gene or neuron

183
Q

Which approaches are more holistic

A

Psychodynamic approach - his description of personality as a dynamic interaction is holistic

Humanistic psychology - anti-reductionist, based on holistic investigation of all aspects of the individual

184
Q

Which approach is seen as environmentally determined by external forces

A

Behaviourists

185
Q

Which approach uses reciprocal determinism

A

Social learning theory (influenced by environment but we also exert some influence by the behaviour we choose to perform)

186
Q

Which approach advocates a form of genetic determinism

A

Biological approach (much of our behaviour is directed by innate influences)

187
Q

Which approach uses soft determinism

A

Cognitive approach (choosers of our own behaviour but only within limits of what we know)

188
Q

Which approach uses psychic determinism

A

Psychodynamic (unconscious forces drive our behaviour and these are simply rationalised by our conscious minds)

189
Q

Which approach believes in free will

A

Humanistic psychologies (we are active agents who determine their own development)

190
Q

What do behaviourists see abnormality as

A

Arising from maladaptive or faulty learning

191
Q

Therapy from behaviourists

A

Systematic desensitisation takes a symptom based approach to the unlearning of such behaviour

192
Q

What social learning principles such as modelling been used to explain

A

The development of aggressive behaviour

193
Q

What treatment did the cognitive approach lead to

A

CBT in the treatment of depression which aims to identity and eradicate faulty thinking

194
Q

What had the biological approach revolutionised the treatment of

A

Mental disorders through the development of drug therapy which regulate chemical imbalances in the brain

195
Q

What was Freud’s therapy developed to do

A

He saw anxiety disorders as emerging from unconscious conflicts and overuse of defence mechanisms.
He developed Psychoanalysis to put the individual in touch with their unconscious thoughts.

196
Q

What is humanistic therapy based on

A

The idea that reducing incongruence will stimulate personal growth

197
Q

What does eclecticism refer to

A

The combining of several approaches or methods to provide a more comprehensive account

198
Q

What does the disthesis dress model account for

A

The fact that many mental disorders are a complex interaction of biology and environmental triggers

199
Q

What is an advantage of the eclictic approach

A

Treatment of mental disorders. Combining treatment options from several different perspectives e.g drugs, cognitive therapy, family therapy has led to more effective outcomes for patients and lower relapse rates

Psychology Alevel (9 decks)

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