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Psychology Two > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of an approach

A

Perspective/view that involves certain assumptions/ beliefs about human behaviour: the way they function, which aspects are worth of study and what research methods are appropriate for observing its effects.

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2
Q

Assumptions of behavioural approach

A
  1. should focus on behaviour that can be observed and measured
  2. behaviour is learned from experience
  3. learning processes in humans are the same as in animals, therefore they are comparable.
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3
Q

Whats the idea of classical conditioning

A

we learn to respond to something that previously had no meaning to us by creating a mental link. It is learning by association

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4
Q

Examples of classical conditioning

A

Pavlov’s dogs- salivating

Little Albert study- white fluffy rat

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5
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

when we learn to behave in a particular way based upon the consequences of that behaviour

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6
Q

Examples of operant conditioning

A

Punishment or reward

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7
Q

Strengths of behavioural approach

A

Scientific

Can be applied to many circumstances: operant conditioning= token economy

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8
Q

Limitations of behavioural approach

A

Can we generalise from animals to humans?

Is it ethical to study animals- form of discrimination called ‘speciesism’

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9
Q

Assumptions about social learning theory

A

behaviour is learned from environment, so does NOT regard genetics as an influence.
Behaviour is learned from observing others and the reinforcement or punishment they receive
Cognitive factors will mediate whether we do observe and imitate a behaviour

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10
Q

5 social learning theory points

A 
role models 
observation 
imitation 
mediational process 
vicarious reinforcement
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11
Q

4 steps of mediational processes

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation

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12
Q

Study’s for social learning theory

A

Bandura’s bobo doll study 1961

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13
Q

Strengths of the social learning theory

A

Based on scientific research
It has practical applications
Explanatory power across cultures- Costa et al 2001
Less deterministic than behavioural approach

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14
Q

Limitations of social learning theory

A

Reductionist bc neglects other influences
Cognitive aspects are not testable
Can we show cause and effect in real life?

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15
Q

Cognitive approach assumptions

A

argues that since behaviour can be explained by what occurs in our mind, we should therefore study mental processes scientifically
we make INFERENCES about mental processes
use models to represent the mind and how it works

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16
Q

What is the information processing model

A

mind works like a computer, input of information, it is processed inside computer and then there’s an output response
our thoughts mediate our behaviour

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17
Q

Explain theoretical and computer models

A

proposed to attempt to explain and infer information about mental processes, which unlike behaviour, cannot be seen. so psychologist have developed models

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18
Q

Uses of multi-store model of memory

A

illustrates how a memory goes from sensory output to long-term memory. allow to test individual components of memory and for detailed examination
scientific areas of brain can be identified to certain tasks

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19
Q

What is a schema

A

cognitive framework or mental structure that helps organise and interpret information and guide human behaviour

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20
Q

Why are schemas useful

A

they help us better understand our environment

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21
Q

Types of schemas

A

Role Schemas
Event Schemas
Self Schemas

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22
Q

What is a role schema

A

ideas about behaviour which is expected of someone

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23
Q

What is an event schema

A

contain information about what happens in a certain situation

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24
Q

What is a self schema

A

contain information about ourselves based on physical characteristics and personality. They affect how we act

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25
Q

What is accommodation

A

altering ones schema due to new information

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26
Q

Why are schemas important and why are they not perfect

A

play an important role in memorising information. help to organise and interpret information, but also predict what may happen in the future
however, humans make mistakes, and the cognitive frameworks we have for certain concepts/situations can be wrong

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27
Q

Why is cognitive neuroscience helpful

A

we can make inferences about brain function when patients show a mirror image of an impairment

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28
Q

What is dissociation

A

occurs when we can identify a specific brain region and link it to a function

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29
Q

What is double dissociation

A

demonstrate two separable systems one experimental variable is found to affect one of the systems, whereas a second variable affects the other

30
Q

Strengths of cognitive approach

A
  1. improved understanding of mental processes
  2. scientific and backed by research
  3. Has very important applications
31
Q

Limitations of cognitive approach

A
  1. Its inference not observation
  2. Comparing humans to computers?
  3. Reductionist- fails to account for individual differences
  4. Lacks ecological validity
32
Q

Assumptions of biological approach

A

human behaviour is explained by hormones, genetics, evolution and the nervous system. Experimental evidence on animals can inform us about human behaviour because we share lots of biological similarities

33
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

Nature:

  • nativists
  • behaviour/characteristics are innate
  • behaviour/characteristics are hereditary

Nurture:

  • empiricists
  • born Tabula Rasa (blank slate)
  • experiences shape our behaviour/characteristics
34
Q

Genetics and behaviour- biological approach

A

personality, intelligence, behaviour and mental disorders are determined by our genetic inheritance

35
Q

What is a genotype/ phenotype?

A

genotype- collection of all genes within each cell of an individual; genetic make-up
phenotype- characteristics that genes produce e.g hair colour
Phenotype- characteristics and behaviour of individual arising from an interaction between the genotype and environment

36
Q

What is concordance rate?

What are MZ and DZ twins?

A

Concordance rate- percentage of pairs of twins or other blood relatives who exhibit a particular trait or disorder.
MZ- Monozygous twins (genetically identical)
DZ- Dizygous twins (non-identical)

37
Q

Gottesman (1991) 40 twin studies results:

A

schizophrenia in general population= 1%
having identical twin with schizo= 48% chance developing schizo. reduced to 17% in non-identical twins
another factor must be involved

38
Q

Heston (1966) adoption study on schizo

A

47 adopted children with schizophrenic biological mothers . control group=50 adopted children who’s mothers not have schizo.
5/47 became schizo
4 were borderline
0 in control group

39
Q

What is evolution?

A

change in characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection

40
Q

What is central nervous system made up of?

A

Brain- control behaviour, regulate body’s physiological processes
Spinal Cord- brain receives information from spinal cord
Nerve Cells- neurones carry messages between brain and spinal cord

41
Q 
Terms:
Receptor- 
Stimulus- 
Effectors- 
Nerve-
Nerve impulse-
A

Receptor- specialised cells that detect stimulus
Stimulus- changes in the environment
Effectors- carry out response (muscles or glands)
Nerve- neurones
Nerve impulse- electrical message that passes along a neurone

42
Q

What are the two nervous systems?

A

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

43
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A

Somatic

Autonomic- Sympathetic, Parasympathetic

44
Q

Lobes of the Brain

A 
Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Cerebellum
Brainstem
45
Q

What is neurochemistry

A

study of chemical processes that occur in nervous system. neurotransmitters e.g Dopamine and Serotonin. A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that travels from one neurone to the next across a synapse.

46
Q

What are hormones, where are they produced?

A

The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland and is responsible for stimulating or controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. Hypothalamus is the control system which regulates the endocrine system.

47
Q

Strengths of biological approach

A
  • uses scientific methods to obtain evidence that is empirical, falsifiable, objective and scientific. evidence is high in validity, reliability and replicability.
  • clear applications
  • strong links to other theories like cognitive approach and evolutionary approach
48
Q

Weaknesses of biological approach

A
  • Reductionist, only biological factors none others
  • Deterministic
  • Cause and Effect
49
Q

What is the psychodynamic approach?

A

A perspective that describes the different forces (dynamics), most of which are unconscious, that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience

50
Q

Sigmund Freud explained what?

A

human behaviour was largely explained by unconscious activity within the mind. traumatic experiences that occur during childhood are pushed into our unconscious. theses experiences then materialise later on in adulthood in the form of mental disorders.

51
Q

assumptions of psychodynamic approach

A
  • behaviour is determined by unconscious activity in the mind
  • humans possess innate instincts/drives that motivate our behaviour
  • childhood experiences are key in shaping adult personality
  • psyche is comprised of the id,ego,superego
52
Q

Id
Ego
Superego

A

Id- pleasure principle, it gets what it wants, selfish
Ego- reality principle, compromise, meets needs of Id but in a socially acceptable way
Superego- morality principle, moral principle, internalised sense of what is right and wrong

53
Q

Examples of defence mechanisms in psychodynamic

A

Repression- forcing memory out of conscious mind
Denial- refusing to acknowledge aspect of reality
Displacement- transferring feelings onto substitute target
Sublimation- socially unacceptable impulses transformed into more socially acceptable actions/ behaviours

54
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

Oral (0-1 yrs)- smoking,sarcastic, critical. mums breasts
Anal (1-3 yrs)- retentive: perfectionist, obsessive. Expulsive: thoughtless, messy
Phallic (3-5)- narcissistic, reckless, maybs homosexual. genital area
Latency- earlier conflicts are repressed
Genital- sexual desires become conscious with puberty

55
Q

What is the oedipus complex?

A
  • boy develops sexual desire for mother
  • wants to possess mother so sees father as rival
  • scared father will find out and castrate him
  • identifying with father and suppresses love for mother
  • takes values of father, develops superego and sense of gender identity
56
Q

What is the electra complex?

A
  • girl desires father but does not have a penis
  • penis envy and wish to be a boy
  • represses desire for father and substitutes wish for a penis with wish for a baby
  • girl blames mother for castrated state, creates tension. represses feelings and identifies with mother to take on female gender role
57
Q

Three main forms of psychoanalysis

A

Interpretation
Free association
Transference

58
Q

Psychodynamic approach strengths:

A
  • valid claims
  • practical applications
  • evidence of its usefulness
  • idiographic approach
  • not reductionist
59
Q

Psychodynamic approach weaknesses:

A
  • not very scientific
  • case studies unrepresentative
  • bias in thought
60
Q

Assumptions of humanistic approach

A
  • every individual is unique and should be treated as such (nomothetic)
  • people should be viewed holistically not just individual aspects (holism)
  • we have free will, in control of our own behaviour
  • scientific method is not an appropriate way to measure behaviour as humans are subjective
61
Q

What are the 2 different concepts of the humanistic approach

A

Perceived self- concept of ourselves

Ideal self- person we would like to be

62
Q

what is incongruence in the humanistic approach

A

Incongruence- a lack of unconditional positive regard from parents

63
Q

Person centred therapy evidence:

A

Glass (1983)- no more effective than placebo effect

Elliot (2009)- similar effect size as other types of treatment.

64
Q

Maslow- humanistic approach, hierarchy of needs

A

Physiological (food, water)
Safety and security (home and family)
Love and belongingness (friends, positive relationships with family members)
Self-esteem (self-confidence and respect of others)
Self-actualisation (fulfilment of your potential as a human)

65
Q

Humanistic approach strengths

A
  • Person centred therapy shown to be useful to others, practical applications
  • Emphasises autonomy and free will when choosing behaviour
  • Holistic and places focus on whole of the individual
66
Q

Humanistic approach weaknesses

A
  • Extremely difficult to empirically test Maslow’s concept of self-actualisation
  • Highly subjective
  • Methodology is hard to replicate as each relationship between client and therapist is different and is guided by their own expertise.
67
Q

What is a neutral stimulus? NS

A

The stimulus causes no reaction

68
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus? UCS

A

The stimulus is natural/unlearned and produced a fight or flight response

69
Q

What is an unconditioned response? UCR

A

It is a natural response to the UCS

70
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

the conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response

71
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus.

Psychology Two (17 decks)

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