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PE ALEVEL > APPLIED ANATOMY+PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

APPLIED ANATOMY+PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

altitude training

A

2500 m above sea level where partial pressure of 02 is lower. So not as much o2 can diffuse into blood and haemoglobin cant be fully saturated with it. O2 carying capacity of blood decreases and less o2 is delivered to muscles.

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2
Q

altitude training advantages

A
  • increased red blood cell count
  • increased concentration of haemoglobin
  • increased oxygen transport
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3
Q

altitude training disadvantages

A
  • altitude sickness
  • difficault
  • benefirs lost quickly
  • expensive
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4
Q

HIIT

A

Interval training works aerobic and anerobic energy systems. Involves short high intensity periods and periods of low intensity rest periods. increases amount of calories burnt and fat burning potential and aerobic and anaerobic endurance.

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5
Q

plyometric

A

improves power and speed. Involves high intensity explosive activities such as hopping and jumping. Works on concept that muscles can generate more force if they have previously been stretched or contracted.

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6
Q

3 stages of plyometrics

A

stage 1 eccentric phase where it lengthens under tension
stage 2 amortisation phase time between eccentric ad concentric phase energy is stored
stage 3 concentric phase use stored energy to increase force of contraction

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7
Q

speed, agility and quickness

A

aims to improve multi directional movement through developing neuromuscular system drills inc zig zags. Activities are performed with max force at high speed, energy is provided anaerobicallu.

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8
Q

factors affecting rate of lactate accumulation

A
  • fitness of performer
  • exercise intensity
  • muscle fibre type
  • rate of blood lactate removal
  • respiratory exchange ratio
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9
Q

how exercise intensity affects lactate accumalation

A

the higher the intensity the greater the demand for energy and faster OBLA occurs because glycogen is broken down anaerobically

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10
Q

how fitness of performer affects lactate accumulation

A

more trained will delay bola as adaptations occur to muscles eg. increased mitochondria and myoglobin improving the capacity for aerobic respiration.

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11
Q

how muscle fibre type affects lactate accumulation

A

slow twitch fibres produce less lactate then fast twitch fibres.

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12
Q

how the RER affects lactate accumulation

A

when value is close to 1.0 it uses glycogen greater chance accumulation of lactate.

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13
Q

how the rate of blood lactate removal affects lactate accumulation

A

if rate of removal is lower than rate of accumulation OBLA will be reached

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14
Q

submaximal oxygen deficit

A

when there is not enough oxygen available at start of exercise to prove all energy aerobically.

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15
Q

EPOC

A

amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would be consumed at rest

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16
Q

fast replenishment stage of epic

A

restoration of tap and pc stores res saturation of myoglobin with oxygen

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17
Q

slow replenishment stage of epic

A
  • removal of lactic acid
  • maintenance of breathing and heart rate
  • glycogen replenishment
  • increase in body temperature
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18
Q

removal of lactic acid ways:

A
  1. oxidation into carbon dioxide and water in the inactive muscles and used as an energy source
  2. cori cycle
  3. converted into protein
  4. removed in sweat and urine
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19
Q

cori cycle

A

lactic acid is transported to the liver where its converted into blood glucose and glycogen

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20
Q

maintenance of heart and breathing rates EPOC

A

extra oxygen replenish ATP and PC stores and remove lactic acid

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21
Q

glycogen replenishment EPOC

A

high carb meal first 30 mins after 4:1 3:1 ratio of carb and protein. 1-3 hours after a meal high in protein and carbs.

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22
Q

increase in body temp EPOC

A

respiratory rate remain high helping more oxygen to be taking in.

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23
Q

lactate threshold

A

the point at which lactate rapidly accumulates in the blood. Body moves from working aerobically to anaerobically.

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24
Q

OBLA

A

the point at which lactate levels go above 4 mols. Body can’t produce enough oxygen to break down lactate so it builds up.

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25
Q

VO2 max

A

the ma amount of oxygen that can be utilised by the muscles per minute

26
Q

average performers lactate threshold

A

50-60% of vo2 max

27
Q

elite performers lactate threshold

A

70-90 of vo2 max

28
Q

buffering

A

a process which aids the removal of lactate and maintains acidic levels in the blood and muscle

29
Q

where do we get energy for muscle contractions from

A

ATP energy stored in this is released by breaking it done to adp and pi

30
Q

enzyme used to break down ATP leaving ADP and Pi

A

atpase

31
Q

ATP-PC duration

A

up to 10 seconds

32
Q

anaerobic glycolytic duration

A

up to 1 min

33
Q

by products of aerobic system

A

water co2 and heat

34
Q

how much ate ATP-PC system produces

A

1

35
Q

how much atp aerobic system produces

A

38

36
Q

how much atp lactic acid system produces

A

2

37
Q

stages of aerobic system

A

glycolysis, kerb cycle and electron transport chain

38
Q

glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid sarcoplasm. Splits into 2 acetyl groups and carried by coenzyme a to kerb cycle. 2 atp.

39
Q

kerb cycle

A

matrix of mitochondria. Coenzyme A combines oxaloacetic acid forming citric acid. Hydrogen and carbon given off. Fats can also enter through beta oxidation.. Moire ATP can be made from one molecule of fatty acids than glucose. 2 atp

40
Q

beta oxidation

A

process where fatty acid are broken to generate acetyl coenzyme a which enters kerb cycle

41
Q

electron transport chain

A

hydrogen splits into electrons and ion. Ions oxidised forming water and electrons provide energy to resythesie atp. 34 atp. Cristae of mitochondria.

42
Q

atp-pc system

A

phosphocreatine as fuel. Creatine kinase detects high levels of ADP and breaks down the pc to phosphate and creatine releasing energy this energy converts ADP to ATP.

43
Q

anaerobic glycolytic system

A

when pc stores are low glycogen phosphorylase breaks down glycogen to glucose. Glucose is broken down to pyramid acid by phosphofructokinase. Pyruvic acid broken down into lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase.
2 atp produced.

44
Q

submaximal oxygen deficit

A

start of exercise insufficient oxygen distributed to muscles for all energy to be provided aerobically as it takes body a while to increase demand for oxygen. So energy is provided anerobically until body can cope.

45
Q

lactate accumulation

A

lactic acid that builds up quickly breaks down releasing hydrogen ions. This increases acidity. Which slows down enzyme activity and affects breakdown of glycogen causing muscle fatigue

46
Q

Atp

A

Adenosine triphosphate only usable energy in the body

47
Q

Eccentric stage pre loading

A

Muscle performs eccentric contraction where it lengthens under tension

48
Q

Amoritsation phase

A

Time between eccentric and concentric phase emergy stored

49
Q

Concentric phase

A

Used stored energy to increase forve of contraction

50
Q

Speed

A

How quixkly a perisn can move over a specified distance

51
Q

Agility

A

Ability to mive body wuickly and effectively while under control

52
Q

Types of muscle fibres

A

Type 1
type 2a fast oxidative glycolytic
type 2b fast glycolytic

53
Q

motor unit

A

consists of a motor neuorne and its muscle fibres

54
Q

all or none law

A

once motor neurone stimulates muscle fibres either all contract or none. Sequence of impulses more than threshold.

55
Q

wave summation

A

repeated nerve impulse with no time to relax so a smooth sustained contraction occurs

56
Q

tetanic contraction

A

sustained powerful muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli

57
Q

spatial summation

A

strength of contraction changes by altering the number and sixr of muscles motor units

58
Q

CRAC technique

A

contract relax antagonist contract

59
Q

muscle spindles

A

how far and fast a muscle is stretched. Initiate stretch reflex to prevent overstretching

60
Q

goldi tendon organs

A

detect tension in muscle. Autogenic inhibition when antagonist lengthens and relaxs

61
Q

PNF

A
  • passive stretch with help of partner
  • stretch detected by muscle spindles initiate stretch reflex
  • isomentrically contracts muscle for 10 seconds
  • golgi tendon organs overide stretch reflex
  • leg is passively stretched again and it stretches further

PE ALEVEL (8 decks)

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