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Physical Education Gcse > Applied Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A 
The protection of vital organs
Muscle attachment
Joints for movement
Production of platelet
Production of red and white blood cells
Storage of calcium and phosphorus
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2
Q

Name the three different types of joint.

A

Fixed joint
Slight moveable joints
Freely moveable joints

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3
Q

Name the four classification of bones.

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

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4
Q

What are the features of long bones?

A

Longer than they are wide

Used as levers to enable the body to move

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5
Q

What are the features of short bones?

A

Approx as long as they are wide
Large quantities of bone marrow to make blood vessels
Weight bearing bones

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6
Q

What are the features of flat bones?

A

Flat and particularly strong

Have muscles attached that provide attachment

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7
Q

What are the features of irregular bones?

A

Often unusual in appearance

Uses include both protection and muscle attachment

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8
Q

Describe the pivot.

A

Where one bone rotates around another

Example: neck around atlas and axis

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9
Q

Describe the hinge.

A

Flexion and extension is the only movement possible at this joint.

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10
Q

Describe the ball and socket joint.

A

Allows most movement of all joints

Allows arms and legs to move in almost any direction

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11
Q

Describe the condyloid

A

Examples include wrist

Allows circular movements

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12
Q

What is flexion and give an example of it in sport?

A

Flexion is when you decrease the angle at a joint.

Example could be when the elbow is decreasing the angle between ulna and humerus, preparing to throw a javelin.

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13
Q

What is extension and give me an example of it?

A

It is when you increase the angle at a joint.

Elbow, increasing the angle between ulna and humerus, release stage of throwing a javelin

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14
Q

What is adduction and give me an example of it?

A

Moving towards the midline of the body.

Addiction of the shoulder, bring the arm from outstretched back to the side, for example, in backstroke

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15
Q

What is Abduction and give an example of it?

A

It is when you move away from the midline of the body.

Example could be moving the body part from the centre of the body, like side stepping

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16
Q

What is rotation and give an example of it?

A

Moving a limb in a circular motion in either direction

Examples: wrist and ankles

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17
Q

What is circumduction and give an example of it?

A

It is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
Example of it would be: shoulder, hip and wrist

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18
Q

What is plantar flexion and give an example of it?

A

It is the movement of the foot downward toward the sole.

Pointing the foot downwards, in gymnastics

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19
Q

What is dorsi flexion and give an example of it.

A

It is the backward flexion of the heels

Walking on your heals

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20
Q

What is the role of a ligament, give its features and an example?

A

To connect bones to bones
They are also very strong
Example of this would be the cruciate knee ligaments

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21
Q

What is the role of a tendon and an example?

A

A tendon is connecting muscles to bones

An example would be Achilles tendon

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22
Q

What are voluntary muscles?

A

They are muscles that are attached to the end of bones
Controlled by us, through conscious thoughts
Eg… choosing to move your arms up to catch a ball

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23
Q

What are involuntary muscles?

A

They are located around organs
Located in blood vessels
Move without conscious thoughts

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24
Q

What are cardiac muscles?

A

Only found in your heart
Never gets tired
Moves without conscious control

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25
Q

Name some of the locations and role of voluntary muscles.

A

Pectorals create adduction at the shoulder across the chest
Deltoids create abduction at the shoulder and raise your arms sideways
Biceps cause flexion at the elbow
Trapezius allows rotation of the shoulders
Triceps create extension at the elbow
Hamstrings allow flexion of the leg at the knee
Gastrocnemius allows you to stand on tiptoes by creating extension at ankle

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26
Q

What is an antagonistic pairs of muscles?

A

One muscle contracts, the other relaxes to allow joint to work

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27
Q

What is an agonist and give an example?

A

Agonist is when the muscle shortens. For example in a bicep curl, the bicep brachi is the agonist

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28
Q

What is the antagonist and give an example of it?

A

Its where the muscle lengthens and it relaxes.

Example in a bicep curl, the tricep brachi is the antagonist

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29
Q

Describe Type l (slow twitch) fibres.

A

Red coloured, uses oxygen. Slow speed and strength, does not get tired easily. Good for marathons.

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30
Q

Describe lla fibres

A

Red coloured, less blood in capillaries. Fats speed and strength. Relatively resistant to fatigue. Good for 400m runner.

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31
Q

Describe llx/llb fibres.

A

White coloured does not use oxygen. Very fast and powerful in speed and strength. High levels of fatigue. Good for 100m runner.

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32
Q

What are the main parts of cardiovascular system.

A

Heart, blood, blood vessels

33
Q

What does the cardio Vascular system transport?

A

Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients around the body by blood.

34
Q

The cardiovascular system transports oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients. Give other functions.

A

It causes clotting at open wounds and helps fights against disease
System is able to cool the body when exercising by transporting blood closer to the skin.

35
Q

What is the function of arteries and what are they made up of?

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. They are made up of three layers, with the outside being strongest. They are the largest of vessels.

36
Q

What is the function and structure of capillaries?

A

They are the smallest vessels and they form a network all over the body, which connects veins and arteries.

37
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart

38
Q

Name the three mechanisms required.

A

Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Vascular shunt

39
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Blood vessels constrict, getting smaller and tighter, reducing blood flows

40
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Blood vessels widen and allow increased blood flow

41
Q

What is vascular shunting?

A

When you are exercising and blood needs to be redistributed around the body with more oxygen going to working

42
Q

What is the function of Red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen all over the body in red haemoglobin to where it is needed

43
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Vital for protecting against disease and infection

44
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Helps the blood to clot when the skin is damaged

45
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Yellow fluid that helps transport blood cells and platelets around the body

46
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air that can be breathed in or out

47
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air that enters the lungs during normal breathing when at rest

48
Q

For an adult was is the average tidal volume?

A

500ml

49
Q

Explain what happens to you when you exercise.

A

During exercise more oxygen is need to supply the muscles
Breathing rate rises, so does tidal volume
Oxygen is absorbed into the blood stream
Heart rat increases
Sweat is produced and cools the body

50
Q

Describe the structure of the alveoli.

A

They are tiny sacs, with large surface area where gaseous exchange occurs. The red blood cells deliver the oxygen to the required working muscles. Carbon dioxide goes in the reverse direction from the blood to air sad

51
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Takes place without oxygen during high intensity exercise but oxygen is required once the activity has stopped

52
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Low intensity aerobic exercise, eg running a marathon. Requires oxygen. Gaseous exchange will increase whilst exercising

53
Q

How does cardio and respiratory system work together?

A

Oxygen enters the lung and is absorbed into the bloodstream.
Oxygenated blood pumped to working muscles for energy.
Oxygen used up by muscles, carbon dioxide is made.. enters blood.
Deoxygenated blood returns to heart then travels to lung
Carbon dioxide is removed by lungs

54
Q

Describe aerobic respiration.

A

Where your body converts glucose into energy by using oxygen. As every cell in your body requires energy to function

55
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration.

A

Its where you work at high intensity and your body is not able to consume enough oxygen to meet the demands of the environment. So anaerobic respiration occurs. Activities that do not require oxygen (100m) is anaerobic.

56
Q

How is lactic acid produced?

A

It occurs if not enough oxygen is present

57
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

To remove lactic acid, oxygen is required. The volume required is called oxygen debt

58
Q

How does fat play a specific role in fuelling for exercise?

A

Provides a concentrated source of energy
Gives fuel for low to moderate intensity activity
Needed for aerobic activity

59
Q

How does protein play a specific role in fuelling for exercise?

A

Builds and repair muscles

Should make up 15% of a diet

60
Q

How does carbohydrates play a specific role in fuelling for exercise?

A

Provides a highly efficient source of fuel
Main fuel for your muscles
Vital during high intensity exercise when enough oxygen cannot be processed.

61
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise?

A

Lactic acid accumulation and muscle fatigue
Heart rate/stroke volume/cardiac output increase
Depth/rate of breathing increases

62
Q

Explain the short term effect of lactic acid accumulation and muscle fatigue.

A

muscles work harder during exercise, therefore more oxygen is required. If you cannot supply enough oxygen to your working muscles, you will accumulate lactic acid, feel pain and tire quickly.

63
Q

Explain this short term effect of exercise: depth and rate of breathing

A

When you exercise more oxygen is required and your breathing rate will increase.

64
Q

How does respiratory and cardio vascular systems work together?

A

Oxygen is taken into lungs.
Oxygen transferred to blood.
Then its transferred to muscles
Carbon dioxide is removed

65
Q

What are the long term effects of exercise on the body’ system?

A

Muscular system
Respiratory system
Cardio vascular system

66
Q

Explain the long term effect of exercise on the muscular system?

A

Muscles get bigger and stronger (hypertrophy)

Bodies ability to endure lactic acid increases

67
Q

Explain the long term effect of exercise on the respiratory system?

A

Chest muscles get stronger
Vital capacity increases
Body can supply more oxygen
Aerobic endurance will develop

68
Q

Explain the long term effect of exercise on the cardio vascular system?

A

Heart gets larger and stronger (cardiac hypertrophy)
Lower resting heart rate
Blood pressure decreases
Blood vessels improve in physical shape and get stronger

69
Q

Function of Deltoids and sporting example

A

Create abduction at the shoulder and raise your arm sideways

Swimming arm action

70
Q

Function of pectorals and sporting example

A

Create abduction at the shoulder across the chest

Press up

71
Q

Function of Biceps and sporting example

A

Biceps cause flexion at the elbow

Chin ups

72
Q

Function of abdorminals and sporting example

A

Allow you to flex your trunk

Sit ups

73
Q

Function of quadriceps and sporting example

A

Make extension of the leg possible at the knee

Kicking, squats

74
Q

Function of Trapezius and sporting example

A

Allows rotation of the shoulders

Cricket bowling action

75
Q

Function of Triceps and sporting example

A

Create extension at the elbow

Throwing something

76
Q

Function of Latissimus and sporting example

A

Allows adduction at the shoulder behind your back

Rope climb

77
Q

Function of Gluteals and sporting example

A

Allow extension, abduction and adduction at the hip

Squats, jumping

78
Q

Function of Hamstrings and sporting example

A

Allow flexion at the leg of knee

Sprinitng

79
Q

Function of gastrocnemius and sporting example

A

Allows you to stand on tiptoes by creating extension at the ankle, eg sprinting start

Physical Education Gcse (8 decks)

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