Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeleton?
The protection of vital organs Muscle attachment Joints for movement Production of platelet Production of red and white blood cells Storage of calcium and phosphorus
Name the three different types of joint.
Fixed joint
Slight moveable joints
Freely moveable joints
Name the four classification of bones.
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
What are the features of long bones?
Longer than they are wide
Used as levers to enable the body to move
What are the features of short bones?
Approx as long as they are wide
Large quantities of bone marrow to make blood vessels
Weight bearing bones
What are the features of flat bones?
Flat and particularly strong
Have muscles attached that provide attachment
What are the features of irregular bones?
Often unusual in appearance
Uses include both protection and muscle attachment
Describe the pivot.
Where one bone rotates around another
Example: neck around atlas and axis
Describe the hinge.
Flexion and extension is the only movement possible at this joint.
Describe the ball and socket joint.
Allows most movement of all joints
Allows arms and legs to move in almost any direction
Describe the condyloid
Examples include wrist
Allows circular movements
What is flexion and give an example of it in sport?
Flexion is when you decrease the angle at a joint.
Example could be when the elbow is decreasing the angle between ulna and humerus, preparing to throw a javelin.
What is extension and give me an example of it?
It is when you increase the angle at a joint.
Elbow, increasing the angle between ulna and humerus, release stage of throwing a javelin
What is adduction and give me an example of it?
Moving towards the midline of the body.
Addiction of the shoulder, bring the arm from outstretched back to the side, for example, in backstroke
What is Abduction and give an example of it?
It is when you move away from the midline of the body.
Example could be moving the body part from the centre of the body, like side stepping
What is rotation and give an example of it?
Moving a limb in a circular motion in either direction
Examples: wrist and ankles
What is circumduction and give an example of it?
It is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
Example of it would be: shoulder, hip and wrist
What is plantar flexion and give an example of it?
It is the movement of the foot downward toward the sole.
Pointing the foot downwards, in gymnastics
What is dorsi flexion and give an example of it.
It is the backward flexion of the heels
Walking on your heals
What is the role of a ligament, give its features and an example?
To connect bones to bones
They are also very strong
Example of this would be the cruciate knee ligaments
What is the role of a tendon and an example?
A tendon is connecting muscles to bones
An example would be Achilles tendon
What are voluntary muscles?
They are muscles that are attached to the end of bones
Controlled by us, through conscious thoughts
Eg… choosing to move your arms up to catch a ball
What are involuntary muscles?
They are located around organs
Located in blood vessels
Move without conscious thoughts
What are cardiac muscles?
Only found in your heart
Never gets tired
Moves without conscious control
Name some of the locations and role of voluntary muscles.
Pectorals create adduction at the shoulder across the chest
Deltoids create abduction at the shoulder and raise your arms sideways
Biceps cause flexion at the elbow
Trapezius allows rotation of the shoulders
Triceps create extension at the elbow
Hamstrings allow flexion of the leg at the knee
Gastrocnemius allows you to stand on tiptoes by creating extension at ankle
What is an antagonistic pairs of muscles?
One muscle contracts, the other relaxes to allow joint to work
What is an agonist and give an example?
Agonist is when the muscle shortens. For example in a bicep curl, the bicep brachi is the agonist
What is the antagonist and give an example of it?
Its where the muscle lengthens and it relaxes.
Example in a bicep curl, the tricep brachi is the antagonist
Describe Type l (slow twitch) fibres.
Red coloured, uses oxygen. Slow speed and strength, does not get tired easily. Good for marathons.
Describe lla fibres
Red coloured, less blood in capillaries. Fats speed and strength. Relatively resistant to fatigue. Good for 400m runner.
Describe llx/llb fibres.
White coloured does not use oxygen. Very fast and powerful in speed and strength. High levels of fatigue. Good for 100m runner.
What are the main parts of cardiovascular system.
Heart, blood, blood vessels
What does the cardio Vascular system transport?
Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients around the body by blood.
The cardiovascular system transports oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients. Give other functions.
It causes clotting at open wounds and helps fights against disease
System is able to cool the body when exercising by transporting blood closer to the skin.
What is the function of arteries and what are they made up of?
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. They are made up of three layers, with the outside being strongest. They are the largest of vessels.
What is the function and structure of capillaries?
They are the smallest vessels and they form a network all over the body, which connects veins and arteries.
What is the function of veins?
Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
Name the three mechanisms required.
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Vascular shunt
What is vasoconstriction?
Blood vessels constrict, getting smaller and tighter, reducing blood flows
What is vasodilation?
Blood vessels widen and allow increased blood flow
What is vascular shunting?
When you are exercising and blood needs to be redistributed around the body with more oxygen going to working
What is the function of Red blood cells?
Carry oxygen all over the body in red haemoglobin to where it is needed
What is the function of white blood cells?
Vital for protecting against disease and infection
What is the function of platelets?
Helps the blood to clot when the skin is damaged
What is the function of plasma?
Yellow fluid that helps transport blood cells and platelets around the body
What is vital capacity?
The maximum amount of air that can be breathed in or out
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air that enters the lungs during normal breathing when at rest
For an adult was is the average tidal volume?
500ml
Explain what happens to you when you exercise.
During exercise more oxygen is need to supply the muscles
Breathing rate rises, so does tidal volume
Oxygen is absorbed into the blood stream
Heart rat increases
Sweat is produced and cools the body
Describe the structure of the alveoli.
They are tiny sacs, with large surface area where gaseous exchange occurs. The red blood cells deliver the oxygen to the required working muscles. Carbon dioxide goes in the reverse direction from the blood to air sad
What is anaerobic respiration?
Takes place without oxygen during high intensity exercise but oxygen is required once the activity has stopped
What is aerobic respiration?
Low intensity aerobic exercise, eg running a marathon. Requires oxygen. Gaseous exchange will increase whilst exercising
How does cardio and respiratory system work together?
Oxygen enters the lung and is absorbed into the bloodstream.
Oxygenated blood pumped to working muscles for energy.
Oxygen used up by muscles, carbon dioxide is made.. enters blood.
Deoxygenated blood returns to heart then travels to lung
Carbon dioxide is removed by lungs
Describe aerobic respiration.
Where your body converts glucose into energy by using oxygen. As every cell in your body requires energy to function
Describe anaerobic respiration.
Its where you work at high intensity and your body is not able to consume enough oxygen to meet the demands of the environment. So anaerobic respiration occurs. Activities that do not require oxygen (100m) is anaerobic.
How is lactic acid produced?
It occurs if not enough oxygen is present
What is oxygen debt?
To remove lactic acid, oxygen is required. The volume required is called oxygen debt
How does fat play a specific role in fuelling for exercise?
Provides a concentrated source of energy
Gives fuel for low to moderate intensity activity
Needed for aerobic activity
How does protein play a specific role in fuelling for exercise?
Builds and repair muscles
Should make up 15% of a diet
How does carbohydrates play a specific role in fuelling for exercise?
Provides a highly efficient source of fuel
Main fuel for your muscles
Vital during high intensity exercise when enough oxygen cannot be processed.
What are the short term effects of exercise?
Lactic acid accumulation and muscle fatigue
Heart rate/stroke volume/cardiac output increase
Depth/rate of breathing increases
Explain the short term effect of lactic acid accumulation and muscle fatigue.
muscles work harder during exercise, therefore more oxygen is required. If you cannot supply enough oxygen to your working muscles, you will accumulate lactic acid, feel pain and tire quickly.
Explain this short term effect of exercise: depth and rate of breathing
When you exercise more oxygen is required and your breathing rate will increase.
How does respiratory and cardio vascular systems work together?
Oxygen is taken into lungs.
Oxygen transferred to blood.
Then its transferred to muscles
Carbon dioxide is removed
What are the long term effects of exercise on the body’ system?
Muscular system
Respiratory system
Cardio vascular system
Explain the long term effect of exercise on the muscular system?
Muscles get bigger and stronger (hypertrophy)
Bodies ability to endure lactic acid increases
Explain the long term effect of exercise on the respiratory system?
Chest muscles get stronger
Vital capacity increases
Body can supply more oxygen
Aerobic endurance will develop
Explain the long term effect of exercise on the cardio vascular system?
Heart gets larger and stronger (cardiac hypertrophy)
Lower resting heart rate
Blood pressure decreases
Blood vessels improve in physical shape and get stronger
Function of Deltoids and sporting example
Create abduction at the shoulder and raise your arm sideways
Swimming arm action
Function of pectorals and sporting example
Create abduction at the shoulder across the chest
Press up
Function of Biceps and sporting example
Biceps cause flexion at the elbow
Chin ups
Function of abdorminals and sporting example
Allow you to flex your trunk
Sit ups
Function of quadriceps and sporting example
Make extension of the leg possible at the knee
Kicking, squats
Function of Trapezius and sporting example
Allows rotation of the shoulders
Cricket bowling action
Function of Triceps and sporting example
Create extension at the elbow
Throwing something
Function of Latissimus and sporting example
Allows adduction at the shoulder behind your back
Rope climb
Function of Gluteals and sporting example
Allow extension, abduction and adduction at the hip
Squats, jumping
Function of Hamstrings and sporting example
Allow flexion at the leg of knee
Sprinitng
Function of gastrocnemius and sporting example
Allows you to stand on tiptoes by creating extension at the ankle, eg sprinting start
