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PE Paper 1 > Applied anatomy and physiology 1.3b Linear motion, angular motion, fluid mechanics and projectile motion. > Flashcards

Applied anatomy and physiology 1.3b Linear motion, angular motion, fluid mechanics and projectile motion. Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Linear motion.

A

Movement of a body in a straight or curved line where all parts move the same distance in the same direction at the same time. Is resultant from a Direct force. Skeleton bobs are a good example in a sport.

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2
Q

Describe a Direct force.

A

A force applied through the centre of mass resulting in linear motion.

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3
Q

Define distance, how its calculated and it’s unit of measurement.

A

Total length of the path covered by a body.
is calculated by measuring the distance.
Measured in Metres M.

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4
Q

Define Displacement, how its calculated and it’s unit of measurement.

A

The shortest straight line route from start to finish.
Calculated by measuring point to point.
Measured in Metres M.

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5
Q

Define a Distance time graph.

A

A visual representation of the distance travelled plotted against the time taken.
Distance is on Y.
Time is on X.
Gradient of the curve indicates the speed.

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6
Q

Define a Gradient.

A

The slope of a graph at a particular moment in time.
Gradient= Change in Y/ Change in X

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7
Q

Define a Speed time graph.

A

A visual representation of the speed of motion plotted against the time taken.
Gradient of the curve indicates acceleration/ deceleration.

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8
Q

Define a Velocity time graph.

A

A visual representation of the velocity of motion plotted against time.
Gradient of the curve indicates acceleration/ deceleration.
A negative curve below the X axis represents a change in the body’s direction.

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9
Q

Describe the difference between speed and velocity

A

Speed is a measurement of distance whereas velocity is a measurement of displacement.

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10
Q

Define Angular motion.

A

Movement of a body or part of a body in a circular path about an axis of rotation.
Resultant of an Eccentric force.

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11
Q

Define an Eccentric force.

A

A force applied outside the centre of mass resulting in angular motion.

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12
Q

Define Torque.

A

A measurement of the turning (Rotational or Eccentric) Force applied to a body.

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13
Q

Name the three Axis of rotaton.

A

Longitudinal.
Transverse.
Frontal.

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14
Q

Describe the Longitudinal axis.

A

Runs from top to bottom of the body.
e.g. Ballerina performing pirouette.

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15
Q

Describe the Transverse axis.

A

Runs from side to side of the body.
e.g. a front somersault.

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16
Q

Describe the Frontal axis.

A

Runs from the front to the back of the body.
e.g. A gymnast performing a cartwheel.

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17
Q

Describe the Moment of Inertia (MI)

A

The resistance of a body to a change in it’s state of angular motion or rotation.

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18
Q

Define Angular velocity.

A

The rate of change in angular displacement or rate of rotation.

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19
Q

Define Angular momentum.

A

The quantity of angular motion possessed by a body.

20
Q

State the calculation for Motion of Inertia.

A

Moment of Inertia= Sum ( Mass * Distribution of mass from the axis of rotation^2.

MI= Σ M*r^2

21
Q

State the calculation for Angular velocity.

A

Angular velocity= Angular displacement/ seconds.

x radians/ seconds.

1 radian= 57.3° 2π*radian= 360°.

22
Q

State the calculation for Angular momentum.

A

Angular momentum= Moment of Inertia * Radians per second.

AM= MI*RPS.

23
Q

Name the two factors that effect Moment of Inertia.

A

Mass:
The greater the mass the greater the MI. So sports with a high degree of rotation are performed by athletes with low mass.

Distribution of mass from the axis:
When mass is tucked in around the axis the lower the MI.
Body will face less resistant if tucked compared to straight out.

24
Q

Describe Moment of Inertias effect on Angular velocity.

A

If MI is high, resistant to rotation is high, so Angular velocity is low so the rate of spin is low.
By lowering MI by tucking in mass Angular velocity will speed up causing a greater rate of spin.

25
Q

Describe conservation of Angular momentum.

A

Angular momentum is a conserved quantity which remains constant unless an external force or torque is applied.
Once generated on take off remains constant.

26
Q

Describe Angular analogue of Newtons First law of motion.

A

The angular equivalent of motion which states:
A rotating body will continue to turn about an axis of rotation with constant angular momentum unless acted upon by an eccentric force or torque force.

27
Q

Describe a Projectile.

A

A body that is launched into the air losing contact with the ground surface, such as a discus or long-jumper.

28
Q

Name the 4 Factors affecting Horizontal distance travelled by a Projectile.

A

Speed of release.
Angle of release.
Height of release.
Aerodynamic factors.

29
Q

Describe Speed of releases effect on Horizontal distance travelled by a projectile.

A

Due to Newtons second law, the greater the outgoing speed of the projectile the further it will go.

30
Q

Describe Angle of releases effect on Horizontal distance travelled by a projectile.

A

Optimal Angle of release is dependant on the Height of release.

31
Q

Describe Height of releases effect on Horizontal distance travelled by a projectile.

A

If Release height and Landing height are equal then Angle of release should be 45 degrees optimally.

If Release height is higher than Landing height Angle of release is less than 45 degrees optimally.

If Release height is lower than Landing height Angle of release is more that 45 degrees optimally.

32
Q

Describe Aerodynamic factors effect on Horizontal distance travelled by a projectile.

A

How the projectile is effected by air resistance will effect it’s distance.

If the projectile is capable of producing a magnus force will also effect its distance.

33
Q

Describe a Parabolic flight path.

A

A flight path symmetrical about it’s highest point caused by the dominant force on a projectile being Weight.

34
Q

Describe a Non-parabolic flight path.

A

A flight path Asymmetrical about its highest point caused by a dominant force on the projectile being Air resistance.

35
Q

Describe a Parallelogram of forces.

A

A parallelogram illustrating the theory that a diagonal drawn from the point where forces are represented in size and direction shows the resultant force acting.

36
Q

Describe the Resultant force.

A

The sum of all forces acting on a body or the net force acting on a Projectile.
This force determines flight path.

37
Q

Describe an Aerofoil.

A

A streamlined shape with a curved upper surface (Air moves faster here) and flat lower surface (Moves slower here) designed to give a body additional lift force.

38
Q

Describe a Lift force.

A

An additional force created by a pressure gradient forming on opposing surfaces of an aerofoil moving through a fluid.
Can increase the time a projectile hangs in the air.

39
Q

Describe Angle of attack.

A

The most favourable angle of release for a projectile to optimise lift force due to Bernoulli’s principle.

40
Q

Describe Angle of attack.

A

The most favourable angle of release for a projectile to optimise lift force due to Bernoulli’s principle.

41
Q

Describe a Downward lift force

A

If the aerofoil is inverted the pressure gradient will be flipped so force will be applied downwards, F1 cars use this to increase friction around corners.

42
Q

Name 4 types of Spin

A

Topspin.
Backspin.
Sidespin Hook.
Sidespin Slice.

43
Q

Describe Topspin.

A

Eccentric force applied above the centre of mass causing it to spin downwards around the transverse axis and creating a downwards Magnus force.

44
Q

Describe Backspin.

A

Eccentric force applied below the centre of mass causing it to spin upwards around the transverse axis and create a upwards Magnus force.

45
Q

Describe Hook spin.

A

Eccentric force applied to the right of centre of mass causing it to spin left around the Longitudinal axis creating a magnus force going left.

46
Q

Describe Slice spin.

A

Eccentric force applied to the left of the centre of mass causing it to spin right around the longitudinal axis causing magnus force going right.

47
Q

Describe a Magnus force.

A

A force created from a pressure gradient on opposing sides of a spinning object moving through the air.

PE Paper 1 (9 decks)

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