Applied anatomy and physiology 1.1a Skeletal and muscular system. Flashcards
What is the bone protecting the brain called?
Skull/ Cranium
What is the jaw bone called?
Mandible.
What is the bone that sits on top of the shoulder joint called?
Clavicle.
What is the bone in the middle of the chest called?
Sternum.
What is the bone protecting the organs like the lungs called?
Rib cage.
What are the bones in the spine called?
Vertebrae.
What is the hip bone called?
Pelvic girdle.
What is the shoulder blade called?
Scapula.
What is the bone in the upper arm called?
Humerus.
What are the two bones in the lower arm called?
Radius on the outside and Ulna on the inside.
What are bones in the hand called in order?
Carpals in the wrist, Meta carpals in the palm and phalages in the fingers.
What is the bone in the upper leg called?
Femur.
What are the two bones in the lower leg called?
Tibia is the thick bone and Fibula is the thin bone.
What is the ankle bone called?
Talus.
What is the Structure and Function of a ligament?
Structure: A tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue.
Function: connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement.
What is the Structure and Function of synovial fluid?
Structure: Lubricating liquid contained within a joint cavity.
Function: reduces friction and nourishes articulating cartilage.
What is the Structure and Function of a Joint capsule?
Structure: A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane.
Function: encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid.
What is the Structure and Function of a Bursa?
Structure: a closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones.
Function: Reduces friction between tenons and bones.
The Sagital plane divides the body into?
Left and right.
The Frontal plane divides the body into?
Front and back.
The Transverse plane divides the body into?
Top and bottom.
Name all movement patterns possible in the Sagital plane.
Flexion.
Extension.
Dorsi-Flexion.
Plantar-Flexion.
Name all movement patterns possible in the Frontal plane.
Abduction.
Adduction.
Name all movement patterns possible in the Transverse plane.
Horizontal Flexion.
Horizontal Extension.
Rotation.
Name the Joint type, plane of movement and movement patterns possible at the shoulder and hip.
Joint type:
Ball and socket.
Plane of movement:
Sagital plane.
Frontal plane.
Transverse plane.
Movement patterns possible:
Flexion.
Extension.
Abduction.
Adduction.
Horizontal Flexion.
Horizontal Extension.
Medial Rotation.
lateral Rotation.
Circumduction.
Name the Joint type, plane of movement and movement patterns possible at the elbow, knee and ankle.
Joint type:
Hinge.
Plane of movement:
Sagital plane.
Movement patterns possible:
Flexion.
Extension.
Dorsi-flexion. (Ankle only)
Plantar flexion. (Ankle only)
Name the Joint type, plane of movement and movement patterns possible at the wrist.
Joint type:
Condyloid.
Plane of movement:
Sagital plane.
Frontal plane.
Movement patterns possible:
Flexion.
Extension.
Abduction.
Adduction.
What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Flexion and Extension at the shoulder.
Flexion:
Agonist: Anterior deltoid. (frontal)
Antagonist: posterior deltoid.
Extension:
Agonist: Posterior deltoid.
Antagonist: anterior deltoid. (frontal)
What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Adduction and Abduction at the shoulder.
Adduction:
Agonist: latissimus Dorsi.
Antagonist: Middle Deltoid.
Abduction:
Agonist: Middle Deltoid.
Antagonist: Latissimus Dorsi.
What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Horizontal Flexion and Horizontal Extension at the shoulder.
Horizontal Flexion:
Agonist: Pectoralis Major.
Antagonist: Posterior Deltoid and Teres Minor.
Horizontal Extension:
Agonist: Posterior Deltoid and Teres Minor.
Antagonist: Pectoralis Major.
What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Medial rotation and Lateral Rotation at the shoulder.
Medial Rotation:
Agonist: Teres Major and Scapularis.
Antagonist: Teres Minor and Infaspinatous.
External Rotation:
Agonist: Teres Minor and Infaspinatous.
Antagonist: Teres Major and Scapularis.
What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Flexion and Extension at the elbow.
Flexion:
Agonist: Biceps Brachii.
Antagonist: Triceps Brachii.
Extension:
Agonist: Triceps Brachii.
Antagonist: Biceps Brachii.
What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Flexion and Extension at the wrist.
Flexion:
Agonist: Wrist Flexors.
Antagonist: Wrist Extensors.
Extension:
Agonist: Wrist Extensors.
Antagonist: Wrist Flexors.
What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Flexion and Extension at the hip.
Flexion:
Agonist= Iliopsoas.
Antagonist= Gluteus Maximus.
Extension:
Agonist= Gluteus Maximus.
Antagonist= Iliopsoas.
What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Adduction and Abduction at the hip.
Adduction:
Agonist= Adduction Brevis.
Antagonist= Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus.
Abduction:
Agonist= Gluteus Media and Gluteus Minimus.
Antagonist= Adductor Brevis.
What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Medial Rotation and Lateral Rotation at the hip.
Medial Rotation:
Agonist= Gluteus Maximus.
Antagonist= Gluteus Media and Gluteus Minimus.
Lateral Rotation:
Agonist= Gluteus Media and Gluteus Minimus.
Antagonist= Gluteus Maximus.
What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Flexion and Extension at the knee.
Flexion:
Agonist= Biceps Femoris.
Antagonist= Rectus Femoris.
Extension:
Agonist= Rectus Femoris.
Antagonist= Biceps Femoris.
What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Dorsi-Flexion and Plantar Flexion at the Ankle.
Dorsi-Flexion:
Agonist= Tibialis Anterior.
Antagonist= Gastrocnemius and soleus.
Plantar Flexion:
Agonist= Gastrocnemius and soleus.
Antagonist= Tibialis Anterior.
Describe an Agonist.
A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint, also known as the prime mover, this muscle shortens.
Describe an Antagonist.
A muscle that opposes the agonist, providing a resistant for co-ordinated movement, this muscle lengthens.
Fixator.
A muscle that stabilises one part of the body while another part moves.
Origin.
Point of attachment of the muscle this stays fixed during movement.
Insertion.
point of attachment of the muscle which moves with movement
Describe the two types of isotonic muscle contraction.
Concentric:
Muscles shortens to produce tension
e.g. upwards phase of a bicep curl the Biceps Brachii concentrically contract to lift weight.
Eccentric:
Muscle lengthens to produce tension.
e.g. during the downwards phase of a bicep curl the Bicep Brachii eccentrically contract to lower weight.
Action potential.
Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the motor neuron and into the muscle fibres.
Structural characteristics of slow oxidative muscle fibres.
Neuron size: Small.
Fibres per neuron: Few.
Capillary density: High.
Mitochondria density: High.
Myoglobin density: High.
Phosphocreatine stores: Low.
Structural characteristics of Fast Oxidative Glycolytic muscle fibres.
Neuron size: Medium.
Fibres per neuron: Medium.
Capillary density: Medium.
Mitochondria density: Moderate.
Myoglobin density: Moderate.
Phosphocreatine stores: Moderate.
Structural characteristics of Fast Glycolytic muscle fibres.
Neuron size: Large.
Fibres per neuron: Many.
Capillary density: Low.
Mitochondria density: low
Myoglobin density: Low.
Phosphocreatine stores: High.
Functional characteristics of Slow Oxidative muscle fibres.
Speed of contraction: Slow.
Force of contraction: Low.
Fatigue resistance: High.
Aerobic capacity: High.
Anaerobic capacity: Low.
Functional characteristics of Fast Oxidative Glycolytic muscle fibres.
Speed of contraction: Moderate.
Force of contraction: Moderate.
Fatigue resistance: Moderate.
Aerobic capacity: Moderate.
Anaerobic capacity: Moderate.
Functional characteristics of Fast Glycolytic muscle fibres.
Speed of contraction: Fast.
Force of contraction: High.
Fatigue resistance: Low.
Aerobic capacity: Low.
Anaerobic capacity: High.
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
Pain and stiffness felt in the muscles, which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise, associated with eccentric muscle contraction.
