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PE Paper 1 > Applied anatomy and physiology 1.1a Skeletal and muscular system. > Flashcards

Applied anatomy and physiology 1.1a Skeletal and muscular system. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bone protecting the brain called?

A

Skull/ Cranium

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2
Q

What is the jaw bone called?

A

Mandible.

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3
Q

What is the bone that sits on top of the shoulder joint called?

A

Clavicle.

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4
Q

What is the bone in the middle of the chest called?

A

Sternum.

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5
Q

What is the bone protecting the organs like the lungs called?

A

Rib cage.

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6
Q

What are the bones in the spine called?

A

Vertebrae.

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7
Q

What is the hip bone called?

A

Pelvic girdle.

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8
Q

What is the shoulder blade called?

A

Scapula.

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9
Q

What is the bone in the upper arm called?

A

Humerus.

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10
Q

What are the two bones in the lower arm called?

A

Radius on the outside and Ulna on the inside.

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11
Q

What are bones in the hand called in order?

A

Carpals in the wrist, Meta carpals in the palm and phalages in the fingers.

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12
Q

What is the bone in the upper leg called?

A

Femur.

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13
Q

What are the two bones in the lower leg called?

A

Tibia is the thick bone and Fibula is the thin bone.

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14
Q

What is the ankle bone called?

A

Talus.

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15
Q

What is the Structure and Function of a ligament?

A

Structure: A tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue.

Function: connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement.

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16
Q

What is the Structure and Function of synovial fluid?

A

Structure: Lubricating liquid contained within a joint cavity.

Function: reduces friction and nourishes articulating cartilage.

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17
Q

What is the Structure and Function of a Joint capsule?

A

Structure: A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane.

Function: encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid.

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18
Q

What is the Structure and Function of a Bursa?

A

Structure: a closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones.

Function: Reduces friction between tenons and bones.

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19
Q

The Sagital plane divides the body into?

A

Left and right.

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20
Q

The Frontal plane divides the body into?

A

Front and back.

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21
Q

The Transverse plane divides the body into?

A

Top and bottom.

22
Q

Name all movement patterns possible in the Sagital plane.

A

Flexion.

Extension.

Dorsi-Flexion.

Plantar-Flexion.

23
Q

Name all movement patterns possible in the Frontal plane.

A

Abduction.

Adduction.

24
Q

Name all movement patterns possible in the Transverse plane.

A

Horizontal Flexion.

Horizontal Extension.

Rotation.

25
Q

Name the Joint type, plane of movement and movement patterns possible at the shoulder and hip.

A

Joint type:
Ball and socket.

Plane of movement:
Sagital plane.
Frontal plane.
Transverse plane.

Movement patterns possible:
Flexion.
Extension.
Abduction.
Adduction.
Horizontal Flexion.
Horizontal Extension.
Medial Rotation.
lateral Rotation.
Circumduction.

26
Q

Name the Joint type, plane of movement and movement patterns possible at the elbow, knee and ankle.

A

Joint type:
Hinge.

Plane of movement:
Sagital plane.

Movement patterns possible:
Flexion.
Extension.
Dorsi-flexion. (Ankle only)
Plantar flexion. (Ankle only)

27
Q

Name the Joint type, plane of movement and movement patterns possible at the wrist.

A

Joint type:
Condyloid.

Plane of movement:
Sagital plane.
Frontal plane.

Movement patterns possible:
Flexion.
Extension.
Abduction.
Adduction.

28
Q

What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Flexion and Extension at the shoulder.

A

Flexion:
Agonist: Anterior deltoid. (frontal)
Antagonist: posterior deltoid.

Extension:
Agonist: Posterior deltoid.
Antagonist: anterior deltoid. (frontal)

29
Q

What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Adduction and Abduction at the shoulder.

A

Adduction:
Agonist: latissimus Dorsi.
Antagonist: Middle Deltoid.

Abduction:
Agonist: Middle Deltoid.
Antagonist: Latissimus Dorsi.

30
Q

What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Horizontal Flexion and Horizontal Extension at the shoulder.

A

Horizontal Flexion:
Agonist: Pectoralis Major.
Antagonist: Posterior Deltoid and Teres Minor.

Horizontal Extension:
Agonist: Posterior Deltoid and Teres Minor.
Antagonist: Pectoralis Major.

31
Q

What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Medial rotation and Lateral Rotation at the shoulder.

A

Medial Rotation:
Agonist: Teres Major and Scapularis.
Antagonist: Teres Minor and Infaspinatous.

External Rotation:
Agonist: Teres Minor and Infaspinatous.
Antagonist: Teres Major and Scapularis.

32
Q

What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Flexion and Extension at the elbow.

A

Flexion:
Agonist: Biceps Brachii.
Antagonist: Triceps Brachii.

Extension:
Agonist: Triceps Brachii.
Antagonist: Biceps Brachii.

33
Q

What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Flexion and Extension at the wrist.

A

Flexion:
Agonist: Wrist Flexors.
Antagonist: Wrist Extensors.

Extension:
Agonist: Wrist Extensors.
Antagonist: Wrist Flexors.

34
Q

What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Flexion and Extension at the hip.

A

Flexion:

Agonist= Iliopsoas.

Antagonist= Gluteus Maximus.

Extension:

Agonist= Gluteus Maximus.

Antagonist= Iliopsoas.

35
Q

What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Adduction and Abduction at the hip.

A

Adduction:

Agonist= Adduction Brevis.

Antagonist= Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus.

Abduction:

Agonist= Gluteus Media and Gluteus Minimus.

Antagonist= Adductor Brevis.

36
Q

What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Medial Rotation and Lateral Rotation at the hip.

A

Medial Rotation:

Agonist= Gluteus Maximus.

Antagonist= Gluteus Media and Gluteus Minimus.

Lateral Rotation:

Agonist= Gluteus Media and Gluteus Minimus.

Antagonist= Gluteus Maximus.

37
Q

What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Flexion and Extension at the knee.

A

Flexion:

Agonist= Biceps Femoris.

Antagonist= Rectus Femoris.

Extension:

Agonist= Rectus Femoris.

Antagonist= Biceps Femoris.

38
Q

What are the agonistic muscles responsible for Dorsi-Flexion and Plantar Flexion at the Ankle.

A

Dorsi-Flexion:

Agonist= Tibialis Anterior.

Antagonist= Gastrocnemius and soleus.

Plantar Flexion:

Agonist= Gastrocnemius and soleus.

Antagonist= Tibialis Anterior.

39
Q

Describe an Agonist.

A

A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint, also known as the prime mover, this muscle shortens.

40
Q

Describe an Antagonist.

A

A muscle that opposes the agonist, providing a resistant for co-ordinated movement, this muscle lengthens.

41
Q

Fixator.

A

A muscle that stabilises one part of the body while another part moves.

42
Q

Origin.

A

Point of attachment of the muscle this stays fixed during movement.

43
Q

Insertion.

A

point of attachment of the muscle which moves with movement

44
Q

Describe the two types of isotonic muscle contraction.

A

Concentric:

Muscles shortens to produce tension

e.g. upwards phase of a bicep curl the Biceps Brachii concentrically contract to lift weight.

Eccentric:

Muscle lengthens to produce tension.

e.g. during the downwards phase of a bicep curl the Bicep Brachii eccentrically contract to lower weight.

45
Q

Action potential.

A

Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the motor neuron and into the muscle fibres.

46
Q

Structural characteristics of slow oxidative muscle fibres.

A

Neuron size: Small.

Fibres per neuron: Few.

Capillary density: High.

Mitochondria density: High.

Myoglobin density: High.

Phosphocreatine stores: Low.

47
Q

Structural characteristics of Fast Oxidative Glycolytic muscle fibres.

A

Neuron size: Medium.

Fibres per neuron: Medium.

Capillary density: Medium.

Mitochondria density: Moderate.

Myoglobin density: Moderate.

Phosphocreatine stores: Moderate.

48
Q

Structural characteristics of Fast Glycolytic muscle fibres.

A

Neuron size: Large.

Fibres per neuron: Many.

Capillary density: Low.

Mitochondria density: low

Myoglobin density: Low.

Phosphocreatine stores: High.

49
Q

Functional characteristics of Slow Oxidative muscle fibres.

A

Speed of contraction: Slow.

Force of contraction: Low.

Fatigue resistance: High.

Aerobic capacity: High.

Anaerobic capacity: Low.

50
Q

Functional characteristics of Fast Oxidative Glycolytic muscle fibres.

A

Speed of contraction: Moderate.

Force of contraction: Moderate.

Fatigue resistance: Moderate.

Aerobic capacity: Moderate.

Anaerobic capacity: Moderate.

51
Q

Functional characteristics of Fast Glycolytic muscle fibres.

A

Speed of contraction: Fast.

Force of contraction: High.

Fatigue resistance: Low.

Aerobic capacity: Low.

Anaerobic capacity: High.

52
Q

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)

A

Pain and stiffness felt in the muscles, which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise, associated with eccentric muscle contraction.

PE Paper 1 (9 decks)

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