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PE Paper 1 > Applied anatomy and physiology 1.3a Biomechanical principles, levers and the use of technology. > Flashcards

Applied anatomy and physiology 1.3a Biomechanical principles, levers and the use of technology. Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Newtons 1st law.

A

A body continuous in a state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force.

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2
Q

Describe Newtons 2nd law.

A

A body’s rate of change of momentum is proportional to the size of the force applied and acts in the same direction as the force applied.

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3
Q

Describe Newtons 3rd law.

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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4
Q

Define Velocity and state it’s equation.

A

Rate of change of displacement measured in m/s.

Velocity=D/S.

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5
Q

Define momentum and state it’s equation.

A

Quantity of motion possessed by a moving body.

Momentum=M*V.

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6
Q

Define acceleration and state it’s equation.

A

Rate of change of velocity.

Acceleration=(FV-IV)/S.

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7
Q

Define Force and state it’s equation.

A

A push or pull that alters the state of motion of a body.

F=M*A.

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8
Q

Define Net force.

A

The sum of all forces acting on a body once all individual forces have been considered.

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9
Q

What happens if Net force=0.

A

If net force=0 there is no change in motion if at rest stays at rest if moving stays at constant speed.

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10
Q

Define an External force.

A

A force coming from outside the body.

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11
Q

Define an Internal force.

A

A force coming from within the body e.g. skeletal muscles.

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12
Q

State the Two groups of External Forces.

A

Vertical Forces:
Weight.
Reaction.

Horizontal Forces:
Friction.
Air resistances.

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13
Q

Define Weight and state it’s equaton.

A

The gravitational pull that earth exerts on a body.
Measured in N

Weight= M*g.

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14
Q

Define a Reaction force.

A

The equal and opposite force exerted by a body in response to the action force applied to it.

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15
Q

Define Friction

A

The force that opposes the motion of two surfaces in contact is affected by multiple factors.

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16
Q

State the factors that affect Friction.

A

Roughness of the ground surface.
Roughness of the contact surface.
Temperature.
Size of normal reaction.

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17
Q

How does Roughness of the ground surface affect Friction.

A

Running on a rougher surface like a rubberised track will increase friction.

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18
Q

How does roughness of the contact surface affect Friction.

A

Running with spiked shoes will increase friction compared to normal shoes as it is rougher with the spikes.

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19
Q

How does Temperature affect Friction.

A

Friction is increased with temperature so F1 drivers do a warm up lap to increase temp of tyres.

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20
Q

How does Size of normal reaction effect Friction.

A

If the body is heavier an the reaction force is higher it will increase Friction.

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21
Q

Define Air resistance.

A

The force that opposes Motion through the air.

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22
Q

Define Drag.

A

The force that opposes Motion through a liquid.

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23
Q

State the Factors Affecting Air resistance.

A

Velocity.
Shape.
Front cross-sectional area.
Smoothness of surface.
Mass.

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24
Q

How does Velocity affect air resistance.

A

The greater velocity the greater force of air resistance.

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25
Q

How does Shape affect air resistance.

A

Some shapes are known as aerofoils or are streamlined minimising air resistance.

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26
Q

How does Frontal cross-sectional area affect air resistance.

A

Low front cross-sectional area lower air resistance.

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27
Q

How does Smoothness of surface affect air resistance.

A

increased smoothness lowers air resistance.

28
Q

How does mass affects air resistance.

A

The higher the mass the less air resistance affects the body.

29
Q

Describe Sreamlining.

A

The creation of smooth air flow around an aerodynamic shape to minimise air resistance.

30
Q

Define a Free body diagram.

A

A clearly labelled sketch showing all of the forces acting on a body at a particular instant in time.

31
Q

Where does the Weight arrow originate from, what direction and how long is it.

A

Origin:
Centre of mass.

Direction:
Vertically down.

length:
Proportional to mass, is the same length as the reaction unless body is accelerating.

32
Q

Where does the Reaction arrow originate from, what direction and how long is it.

A

Origin:
All points in contact with the ground.

Direction:
Upwards perpendicular to the ground.

Length:
Equal to downwards force unless body is accelerating.

33
Q

Where does the Air resistance arrow originate from, what direction and how long is it.

A

Origin:
Centre of mass.

Direction:
Opposite to motion.

Length:
Proportional to factors affecting air resistance. Same length as Friction unless body is accelerating.

34
Q

Where does the Friction arrow originate from, what direction and how long is it.

A

Origin:
All points in contact with the ground.

Direction:
In direction of movement.

Length:
Proportional to factors affecting Friction. Same length as Air resistance unless accelerating.

35
Q

Define Centre of mass.

A

The point at which an object or body is balanced in all directions, the point at which weight appears to act. For a round object it’s the centre, humans can be more complex.

36
Q

Define Stability.

A

The ability of a body to resist motion and remain at rest.

37
Q

State the factors affecting Stability.

A

Mass of the body.
Height of the centre of mass.
Size of the base of support.
Line of gravity.

38
Q

How does Mass of body affect Stability.

A

The greater the Mass the greater the Inertia and therefore Stability.

39
Q

How does Height of the centre of mass affect Stabillity.

A

The lower the Centre of mass the greater Stability.

40
Q

How does the Size of the base of support affect Stability.

A

The greater the Size of the base of support the greater the Stability, more points of contact also increases Stability.

41
Q

How does Line of gravity affect Stability.

A

The more central the Centre of mass over the base of support the higher Stability.

42
Q

Define a lever.

A

The co-ordination of our bones and muscles primarily to create a human movement.

43
Q

Describe the two main functions of a lever.

A

Generate muscular effort to overcome a given goal.
Increase a speed of a given movement.

44
Q

Name the 4 components of a lever.

A

Lever arm.
Fulcrum.
Effort.
Load.

45
Q

What is the Lever arm in the body and how is it drawn in a drigram.

A

Lever arm is the bone.
Drawn as a line.

46
Q

What is the Fulcrum in the body and how is it drawn.

A

Fulcrum is the Joint.
Drawn as a triangle.

47
Q

What is the Effort in the body and how is it drawn.

A

Effort is the Muscular Force.
Drawn as an arrow labelled E.

48
Q

What is the load in the body and how is it drawn.

A

Load is the Weight or Resistance.
Drawn as an arrow labelled L.

49
Q

Name the three types of Lever in the body and the way to remember them.

A

First class.
Second class.
Third class.

1 2 3
F L E
The letters corresponds to what is in the middle of each class of lever.

50
Q

Give an example of a First class lever.

A

Extension of the neck.

51
Q

Give an example of a Second class lever.

A

Ball of the foot in the take-off phase of a high jump.

52
Q

Give an example of a third class lever.

A

Flexion of the elbow during a bicep curl.

53
Q

Define the Effort arm.

A

The distance from the Fulcrum to the Effort.

54
Q

Define the Load arm.

A

The distance from the Fulcrum to the Load.

55
Q

Define Mechanical advantage.

A

Found in second class levers where the effort arm is longer than the load arm, this means a greater load can be moved with relatively small effort.

56
Q

Define Mechanical disadvantage.

A

Found in third class levers where the load arm is longer that the effort arm, a larger force is required to move a relatively small load.

57
Q

Define Limb kinematics.

A

Study of movement in relation to time and space.

58
Q

Define Force plates.

A

Ground reaction forces are measured in laboratory conditions using force places.

59
Q

Define Wind tunnels.

A

Steel frame building containing wide fans, where artificial wind is produced.

60
Q

How is Limb kinematics used.

A

3D or optical motion analysis records an athlete performing a sporting action, allowing the evaluation of the efficiency of movement.

61
Q

How are Force plates used.

A

Athletes balance, run and jump on a force plate which Assesses:
The size and direction of forces acting on the athlete
Acceleration rates
Work and power output.

62
Q

How are wind tunnels used.

A

Technology is used to develop the drag reduction system. Objects such as helmets and F1 cars are tested for aerodynamic efficiency.

63
Q

How can Limb kinematics be used to optimise performance.

A

Data produced can be used by coaches to improve performance/ specific techniques for athletes and reduce injury risk as technique is improved, can reduce loss of efficiency in movements.

64
Q

How can Force plates be used to optimise performance.

A

Used for sports biomechanics assessment, gait analysis, balance rehabilitation and physical therapy. This can help with improving balance and measure force produced to track progress or help create more efficient movements.

65
Q

How can Wind tunnels be used to Optimise performance.

A

Engineers study flow of air around the object. The aim is to improve the flow of air around the object, streamlining it’s path through oncoming air and potentially increasing lift or decreasing drag. Can be used for certain sports to improve technique like a cyclist changing there riding position.

PE Paper 1 (9 decks)

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