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PE Paper 1 > Applied anatomy and physiology 1.1b Cardiovascular and respiratory system. > Flashcards

Applied anatomy and physiology 1.1b Cardiovascular and respiratory system. Flashcards

1
Q

Two sections of the Cardiovascular System.

A

Pulmonary circuit:

Circulation of blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs and pulmonary veins back to the heart.

Systemic circuit:

Circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cava back to the heart.

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2
Q

Describe the path of blood through the heart.

A

Enters through the the Vena cava into the Right Atrium.

Pumped through the Tricuspid Valve into the Right Ventricle.

Pumped through Semilunar Valve into the Pulmonary artery.

The blood then goes to the lungs and gets oxygenated.

Blood re-enters the heart through Pulmonary Vein into Left Atrium.

Blood is pumped through Bicuspid Valve into Left ventricle.

Pumped through Semilunar Valve into Aorta and then around the body.

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3
Q

Describe Myogenic.

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscle to contract.

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4
Q

Describe the Conduction System in the Heart.

A

SA Node:

Generates electrical impulses, causes Atrial wall contraction, its known as the pacemaker of the heart.

AV Node:

Catches the impulse, holds it for 0.1 seconds to allow the Atria to finish contracting.

Bundle of His:

Located in the septum with a nonconductive tissue around it, splits the impulse into to to be distributed to the ventricles.

Pukinjie Fibres:

These distribute the impulse through the ventricle walls causing them to contract.

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5
Q

Describe Diastole.

A

The relaxation phase of cardiac muscle where chambers fill with blood.

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6
Q

Systole.

A

The contraction phase of cardiac muscle where blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

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7
Q

Describe Heart Rate. (BPM)

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

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8
Q

Describe Stroke Volume (Ml)

A

The amount of blood ejected from the Left ventricle per beat.

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9
Q

Describe Cardiac Output (L)

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute.

HR*SV=CO

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10
Q

Describe Bradycardia.

A

A resting heart rate below 60.

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11
Q

Describe Maximum Heart Rate

A

220- Age = HR Max (BPM)

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12
Q

Describe Stroke Volume response to exercise.

A

SV increases in proportion to exercise until it plateaus at approximately 40-60% of working capacity. As increase in heart rate means the ventricle can’t finish contracting.

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13
Q

SV increases due to.

A

Increase in Venous Retern. (Due to Skeletal Muscle Pump)

The Frank-Starling Mechanism. (Starling’s Law)

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14
Q

Resting, Sub-Maximal Intensity, and Maximal Intensity Heart rate of an Untrained athlete.

A

Resting= 70-72 BPM.

Sub-Maximal Intensity= 100-130 BPM.

Maximal intensity= 220- age BPM.

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15
Q

Resting, Sub-Maximal Intensity, and Maximal Intensity Heart rate of an Trained athlete

A

Resting= 50-60 BPM.

Sub-Maximal Intensity= 100-120 BPM.

Maximal Intensity= 220-age BPM.

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16
Q

Resting, Sub-Maximal Intensity, and Maximal Intensity Stroke volume of an Untrained athlete.

A

Resting= 70 Ml.

Sub-Maximal Intensity= 100-120Ml.

Maximal Intensity= 100-120Ml.

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17
Q

Resting, Sub-Maximal Intensity, and Maximal Intensity Stroke volume of an Trained athlete.

A

Resting= 100 ML.

Sub-Maximal Intensity= 160-200 Ml.

Maximal Intensity= 160-200 Ml

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18
Q

Resting, Sub-Maximal Intensity, and Maximal Intensity Cardiac Output of an untrained Athlete.

A

Resting= 5L/Min

Sub-Maximal Intensity= 10-15L/Min

Maximal Intensity= 20-30L/Min

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19
Q

Resting, Sub-Maximal Intensity, and Maximal Intensity Cardiac Output of an Trained Athlete

A

Resting= 5L/Min

Sub-Maximal Intensity= 15-20L/Min

Maximal Intensity= 30-40L/Min

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20
Q

Describe the changes in Heart Rate, Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output during Recovery.

A

Heart rate dramatically decreases.

SV is maintained during early stages of recovery.

Cardiac Output dramatically decreases followed by a slower decrease to resting levels.

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21
Q

Describe the Cardiac Control Centre. (CCC)

A

A control centre in the Medulla Oblongata responsible for HR regulation. Controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System(ANS) and determines the firing of the SA Node.

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22
Q

Describe the Sympathetic Nervous System.

A

Part of the Autonomic Nervous System responsible for increasing HR, via the Accelerator Nerve.

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23
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System.

A

Part of the Autonomic Nervous System responsible for decreasing HR, via the Vagus Nerve.

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24
Q

The three Neural Control receptors.

A

Proprioceptors:

In muscles, tendons and joints, these inform the CCC that Movement has increased.

Chemoreceptors:

Located in the Aorta, these detect a change in pH due to changes in Lactic Acid and CO2.

Baroreceptors:

Located in blood vessel walls, these inform the CCC of changes in blood pressure, detect changes in stretch of artery walls.

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25
Q

The two Intrinsic Control.

A

Temperature:

Changes affect blood viscosity and the speed of nerve impulse transmission.

Venous return: Changes will affect the stretch in ventricle walls, force of contraction and therefore SV.

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26
Q

the Hormonal Control mechanism. (hormone effecting HR and SV)

A

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline released from adrenal glands and increases HR and SV.

27
Q

Description of Arteries and Arterioles.

A

Carry oxygenated blood from heart to muscle and organs.

Have Thin lumens.

Carry blood under high pressure.

Have large layers of smooth muscle and elastic tissue.

smooth muscle can vasodilate and vasoconstrict, regulating blood flow.

Arterioles have a ring of smooth muscle surrounding capillary bed called pre-capillary sphincters, these can constrict and dilate blood flow.

28
Q

Description of Capillaries.

A

Capillary walls are one cell thick.

Site of gas exchange, at lungs and tissues.

29
Q

Describe Pre-capillary sphincters.

A

Rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arterioles and capillaries which can dilate and constrict to control blood flow to capillary bed.

30
Q

Description of Veins and Venules.

A

Carry deoxygenated blood.

Have wide lumens.

They have a smaller layer of smooth muscle allowing them to vasodilate and vasoconstrict.

Carry blood under low pressure.

They have valves to stop backflow of blood.

31
Q

Mechanisms that aid venous return.

A

Get Gravity.

My Muscle Pump.

Red Respiratory pump.

Stuff Smooth muscle.

Pumping Pocket valves.

32
Q

How does Gravity aid Venous return.

A

Blood from upper body or above the heart is aided by gravity in it’s return to the heart.

33
Q

How does Muscle pump aid Venous return.

A

Many veins are located between skeletal muscles, during exercise, these muscles squeeze on the veins and help push the blood back towards the heart.

34
Q

How does Respiratory pump aid venous return.

A

While exercising we inspire and expire faster and more deeply; this rapidly changes the pressure within the thorax between high and low to help squeeze blood in the area back to the heart.

35
Q

How does Smooth Muscle aid venous return.

A

Wall of each vein contains smooth muscle which venoconstricts in a wave like action, helping push blood back towards the heart.

36
Q

How do Pocket Valves aid venous return

A

Located within the veins and prevent backflow of blood so more blood can flow to the heart.

37
Q

Describe the Vascular Shunt Mechanism.

A

The redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise increasing percentage to the skeletal muscles.

38
Q

Describe the Vasomotor Control Centre.

A

Located in the Medulla Oblongata.

Responsible for cardiac output distribution.

Alters the level of stimulation sent to arterioles and Pre-capillary sphincters at different points in the body thus allowing the vascular shunt mechanism.

39
Q

VCC decides how to distribute blood due to what receptors.

A

Chemoreceptors:

detect chemical changes like pH and CO2 levels.

Baroreceptors:

pressure changes in artery walls.

40
Q

How VCC alters Distribution of blood.

A

Decrease blood flow:

Sending more signals down sympathetic nervous system increasing stimulation of muscle decreasing blood flow to capillary beds.

Increase blood flow:

Sending less signals down sympathetic nervous system decreases stimulation of muscle decreasing blood flow to capillary beds.

41
Q

Vasomotor Tone.

A

The partial state of contraction of smooth muscle in the arterial walls.

42
Q

The two main functions of the respiratory system.

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation:

Breathing of air into (inspiration) and out of the lungs (expiration)

  1. Gaseous exchange:

External respiration= exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and blood.

Internal respiration= exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and muscle tissue.

43
Q

Definition of Gaseous Exchange.

A

The movement of oxygen from the Alveoli into the blood stream and carbon dioxide from the muscles into the blood stream.

44
Q

Describe the Alveoli.

A

clusters of tiny air sacs covered in a dense network of capillaries which together serve as the site for external gaseous exchange.

45
Q

Define Breathing rate.

A

How many breaths are taken in a minute.

46
Q

Define Tidal volume.

A

Volume of air expelled from the lungs in one breath. (Ml)

47
Q

Describe Minute ventilation.

A

The volume of air inspired or expired per minute.

F X TV = ME.

48
Q

Resting and Maximal value of Breathing Rate for a untrained athlete.

A

Resting= 12-15 breaths/minute.

Maximal= 40-50 breaths/minute.

49
Q

Resting and maximal Tidal Volume of an untrained athlete.

A

Resting= 500 ml.

Maximal= 2.5-3 L.

50
Q

Resting and maximal Minute ventilation of an untrained athlete.

A

Resting= 6-7.5 L/Min.

Maximal= 100-150 L/Min.

51
Q

Resting and maximal Breathing rate of a trained athlete.

A

Resting= 11-12 breaths/minute.

Maximal= 50-60 breaths/minute.

52
Q

Resting and maximal Tidal volume of a trained athletes.

A

Resting= 500 ml.

Maximal= 3-3.5 L.

53
Q

Resting and maximal Minute ventilation of a trained athletes.

A

Resting= 5.5-6 L/Min.

Maximal= 160-210 L/Min.

54
Q

What is the mnemonic for mechanics of breathing,

A

Mmm= Muscle, what muscle contracts.

Mmm= Movement, what moves and in what direction.

Vegie= Volume, how the movement affects the volume.

Pie= Pressure, how the change in volume affects pressure.

55
Q

Describe Inspiration at rest using MMVegiePie.

A

Active Process:

External intercostals, contract pulling ribs up and out.
The Diaphragm muscles below the lung contracts and flattens, both of these increase volume of lungs and decrease the pressure meaning air goes into the lungs.

56
Q

Describe Inspiration during exercise using MMVegiePie.

A

Active process:

In addition to the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contracting.
The sternocleidomastoid contracts lifting the sternum.
The scalene and the pectoralis minor contract and lift the ribs more.
This increases the volume of the lungs more than at rest, this means the pressure decreases more than at rest meaning more air is taken in to the lungs than at rest.

57
Q

Describe Expiration at rest using MMVegiePie.

A

Passive process:

External intercostals relax and your ribs fall and move in.
Diaphragm relaxes bulging upwards.
This reduces volume of the thoracic cavity causing an increase in pressure so air rushes out of the lungs.

58
Q

Describe Expiration during exercise using MMVegiePie.

A

Active Process:

In addition to the external intercostals and the diaphragm relaxing.
The Internal Intercostal muscles contract and mull the ribs down and in more.
The rectus abdominals contracts and pushes the diaphragm up more.
This decreases the volume more than at rest and increases the pressure more that at rest causing more air to rush out faster.

59
Q

Describe the Respiratory Control Centre.

A

Responsible for respiratory regulation.
Located in the Medulla Oblongata.
Made of two Sections the Inspiratory centre (IC) and the Expiratory centre(EC).

60
Q

Describe the role of the Inspiratory Centre (IC)

A

Stimulates Inspiratory muscles to contract at rest and during exercise

61
Q

Describe the role of the Expiratory centre (EC)

A

Inactive at rest as expiration is passive at rest.
During exercise stimulates additional muscles to contract.

62
Q

Describe External Respiration.

A

The exchange of gases at the lungs between deoxygenated blood in the capillaries and oxygen rich air in the alveoli.

63
Q

Describe Internal Respiration.

A

The exchange of gases at the muscle cells between oxygenated blood in capillaries and carbon dioxide in muscle cells.

PE Paper 1 (9 decks)

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