Appendicular Skeleton pelvic girdle and lower limbs Flashcards
What does the pelvic girdle consist of
left and right ossa coxae (each of them composed of the ilium, ischium and pubis.
Sometimes the sacrum is included
what does the pelvic girldle help with
protects and supports several abdominal organs.
Helps transfer forces
what does each os coxae consist of
illium, ischium and pubis
these are all fused together
What 3 bones form the acetabulum
pubis, illium, ischium
deeper than glenoid cavity
larges and uppermost of the pelvic bones
ilium
sacroiliac joint
where the auricular surface of the ilium articulates with the sacrum
what is the name of the landmark where the iliac crest terminates anteriorly
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
where does the iliac crest terminate posteriorly
posterior superior iliac spini (PSIS)
how to locate the PSIS
dimples in sacral region
good place to do a bone marrow biopsy in the os coxae
posterior portion of the iliac crest
the posterior inferior component of the os coxae, the portion of the pelvic that we sit on
ischium
ischial tuberosity
bony prominence on which we sit (cause of bony butts) hamstring muscles attach here
how to locate ischial tuberosity
inferior part of the glutes around the start of the curve
anterior component of the ox coxae
pubis
2 pubic bones meet here
pubic symphysis
2 landmarks that contribute to the obturator foramen
superior and inferior ramus of pubis
upper portion of the pelvic basin and is enclosed by the wing-like sides of the flared iliac bones
false pelvis
lower portion of the pelvic basin and it encloses the pelvic cavity and forms a deeper narrower region that contains the pelvic organs
true pelvis
inferior opening of the pelvis
pelvic outlet
pelvimetry
measurement of the size/shape of the pelvic outlet
this can increase the diameter of the true pelvis during birth (parturition)
squatting position
hormone released during pregnancy
what does it do
what releases it
relaxin
loosens joints
released by the corpus leuteum of the ovary
differences in pelvis shape in male and female
female have wider flair of iliac crest,
more spherical true pelvis, and the pubic arch is wider than the male
only bone in the thigh and the strongest bone in our body
femur
common site for fractrues of the femur in elderly persons
neck of the femur
articulates with the acetabulum
head of the femur
fovea of femur
tiny ligaments run through here to connect to acetabulum
helps bring blood to the femur
attachment site for hip flexor group
lesser trochanter (medial)
attachment site of gluteal muscles
greater trochanter (lateral)
what is the purpose of the slight medial bow of the shaft of the femur
helps bring the knee joints more in line with the bodys plane of gravity
more bowing in females due to angle of pelvis
what does breaking hip usually refer to
broken neck of femur
how does the greater trochanter develop
pulling stress on the periosteum
what is a condyle
part of a joint covered in cartilage
what is an epicondyle
bony prominence for muscle attachment that is not part of a joint
sesamoid bone positioned on the anterior surface of the femur
patella
does not articulate with the tibia
which bone is weight bearing and which bone is not in the crural region
tibia - weight bearing
fibula - not weight bearing (important for muscle attachment)
connects tibia and fibula
interosseous membrane
small stabilizing bump in the center of the tibial plateau
intercondylar eminence
how does the tibia articulate with the femur
medial and lateral condyles of the tibia and the femur articulate with each other. (held together by surrounding ligaments)
what do the fibula and tibia form at their proximal ends
superior tibofibular joint (proximal tib-fib joint)
distal attachment site of the patellar ligament on the tibia
tibial tuberosity
interosseous infusions
punching a large needle through the bone into the medullary cavity
If you cant find a good vein to inject fluids you can do it here. Helps with saving lives.
2 locations for interosseous infustions
medial malleolus of the tibia
anterior crest of the tibia (medial flat part just below the tibial tuberosity)
articulation of the inferior portions of the tibia and fibula
inferior tibiofibular joint
does the fibula articulate with the femur, talus or both?
only the talus
how many tarsal bones are there
7
most superior of the tarsal bones, articulates with the malleoli of the tibia and fibula
talus
forms the prominence of the heel and serves as an attachment site for large calf muscles (achillies tendon)
calcaneus
which toe is toe #1
big toe
does the big toe contain a middle phalange
no
3 arches that support weight of body and provide leverage when walking
- transverse arch
- medial longitudinal arch
- lateral longitudinal arch
Causes of pelvic fractures
blunt trauma
indirect forces
elderly persons who suffer from osteoporosis
what to be cautious about when there is a fractured pelvis
life threatening blood loss
2 ways to fix a fractured pelvis
external fixation (cast/splint)
internal fixation (screws and plates)
What to be worried about with a femoral fracture
large elastic muscles which span the femur can pull jagged ends of the fractured bone through the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves causing on-going damage after the original fracture
these devices can stop on going trauma in the femur by pulling on the leg
hare traction
slishman traction splint
Both of these stay on until you are in the OR
Ways to surgically repair bones
plates, screws, wires, rods, nails
(make sure you remove all these and dont forget nails.)
Potts fracture
occurs when a side-ways force causes both malleoli to fracture
Calcaneal fracture
fracture in the calcaneus
gangrenous (dead) tissue
must be surgically amputated
Pes Cavus
really high arch in foot
Pes Planus
really flat feet
congenital malformation in which the sole of the foot is twisted medially
talipes or clubfoot
