APGovCh.5.JustinHall Flashcards
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
The Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex.
Fifteenth Amendment
One of three major amendments ratified after the civil war; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves
Fourteenth Amendment
One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S. citizens
Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass was an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, gaining note for his oratory and incisive antislavery writings.
Grandfather Clause
a clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices.
Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman was an American abolitionist and political activist. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved people, family and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad.
Harry S Truman: Harry S.
Truman was the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO.
Intermediate Standard of Review
Intermediate scrutiny, in U.S. constitutional law, is the second level of deciding issues using judicial review. The other levels are typically referred to as rational basis review (least rigorous) and strict scrutiny (most rigorous).
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period. The laws were enforced until 1965.
John F. Kennedy
was an American politician and journalist who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.
Korematsu V. U.S. (1944)
a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship.
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
a landmark civil rights case by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.
League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
the oldest surviving Latino civil rights organization in the U.S. It was established on February 17, 1929, in Corpus Christi, Texas, largely by Hispanic veterans of World War I who sought to end ethnic discrimination against Latinos in the United States
LGBT Community
a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, LGBT organizations, and subcultures, united by a common culture and social movements. These communities generally celebrate pride, diversity, individuality, and sexuality.
Lucretia Mott
a U.S. Quaker, abolitionist, women’s rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840.
Martin Luther King Jr
an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968.
Mexican American Legal Defence and Educational Fund (MALDEF)
An organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic Heritage.
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
an organization formed on February 18, 1890 to advocate in favor of women’s suffrage in the United States. It was created by the merger of two existing organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey.
NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)
The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. is a leading United States civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.
National Organization for Women (NOW)
an American feminist organization founded in 1966. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in Washington, D.C.
National Woman’s Party (NWP)
The National Woman’s Party is an American women’s political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women’s suffrage
Nineteenth Amendment
Amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that granted women the right to vote
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
a landmark civil rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as “separate but equal”.
Poll Tax
a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual. Head taxes were important sources of revenue for many governments from ancient times until the 19th century.
Progressive Era (1890-1920)
people who believed that the problems society faced (poverty, violence, greed, racism, class warfare) could best be addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, and an efficient workplace.
Rational Basis Standard or Review
the normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment.
Rosa Parks
an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has called her “the first lady of civil rights” and “the mother of the freedom movement”
Seneca Falls Convention
the first women’s rights convention. It advertised itself as “a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman”. Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848
Separate-But-Equal Doctrine
a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed “equal protection” under the law to all people.
Standards of Review
the standard of review is the amount of deference given by one court (or some other appellate tribunal) in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal. … The standard of review may be set by statute or precedent (stare decisis)
Strict Scrutiny
a form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws. … To pass strict scrutiny, the legislature must have passed the law to further a “compelling governmental interest,” and must have narrowly tailored the law to achieve that interest.
Suffrage Movement
The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. In 1848 the movement for women’s rights launched on a national level with the Seneca.
Susan B. Anthony
an American social reformer and women’s rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women’s suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17
Suspect Classification:
a suspect classification is any classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination.
Thirteenth Amendment
One of three major Amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States
Title IX
of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 is a federal law that states: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court’s 96th justice and its first African-American justice
United States v. Windsor (2013)
a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of “marriage” and “spouse” to apply only to opposite-sex unions, by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. In the majority opinion, Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote: “The federal statute is invalid, for no legitimate purpose overcomes the purpose and effect to disparage and to injure those whom the State, by its marriage laws, sought to protect in personhood and dignity.
Abolitionist:
a supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery.
Affirmative action
policies designated to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group
American with Disabilities Act:
a law enacted by congress in 1990 designated to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection of the law.
Cesar Chavez
Labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the United Farm Workers Union in the 1960s
Civil rights
the government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals.
Chinese Exclusion Act
a law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the US from China.
Civil Rights Act of 1875:
passed by congress to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection to African Americans. Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
wide-ranging legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Dolores Huerta
Labor organizer who, with Cesar Chavez, founded the United Farm Workers Union in the 1960s.
Dred Scott v. Stanford
A supreme court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights enslaved African Americans. Dredd Scott heightened tensions between the proslavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
The thirty fourth president, a republican, who served from 1953 to 1961. Eisenhower commanded Allied Forces during WW 2
Eleanor Roosevelt
First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S.’s first delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later chaired the UN’s Commission on Human Rights.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention. Stanton later founded the National Woman Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony
Emancipation Proclamation
President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1 1863, in the third year of the Civil War. It freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the United States.
Equal Pay Act of 1963
Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work
Equal protection clause
Section of the Fourteenth Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws
