APGovCh.3.JustinHall Flashcards
Confederation
National government derives power from the individual states
Iroquois Confederacy
Political alliance of American Indian tribes established in the 17th century
Monarchy
Form of government where power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern entire society
Totalitarianism
A form of government in which power resides in leaders who rule by force in their own self interest
Oligarchy
A small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution
Democracy
A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives
Federal System
National government and state government share power and derive all authority from the people
Unitary System
Is a sovereign state governed as a single entity
Enumerated Powers
The powers of the national government specifically granted to Congress in Article I, section 8 of the Constitution
Implied Powers
The powers of the national government derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause
Tenth Amendment
The final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people
Reserved Powers
Powers reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment that lie at the foundation of a state’s right to legislate for the public health and welfare of its citizens
Concurrent Powers
Powers shared by the national and state governments
Bill of Attainder
Law Declaring an act illegal without judicial Trial
Ex Post Facto Law
Law that makes an act punishable as a crime even if the action was legal the time it was committed
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the “public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state¨
Privileges and Immunities Clause
Prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner
Extradition Clause
Part of Article IV of the Constitution that requires states to extradite, or return, criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial
Interstate Compacts
Contracts between states that carry the force of law
Dillon´s Rules
A premise articulated by Judge John F. Dillon in 1868 which states that local governments do not have any inherent sovereignty and instead must be authorized by state governments that can create or abolish them
Charter
A document that, like a constitution, specifies the basic policies, procedures, and institutions of local government. Charters for local government must be approved by state legislatures
Counties
Basic administrative units of local government
Municipalities
City governments created in response to the emergence of relatively densely populated areas
Special District
Local government that is restricted to a particular functiom
John Marshall
American politician who served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
The Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank, using the Constitution’s supremacy clause. The Court’s broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court’s broad interpretation of the Constitution’s commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers
Baron v. Baltimore (1833)
The Supreme Court ruled that the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment did not apply to the actions of states. This decision limited the Bill of Rights to the actions of Congress alone
Roger B. Taney
United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; remembered for his ruling that slaves and their descendants have no rights as citizens
Dual Federalism
The belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement, often referred to as layer-cake federalism
Nullification
Belief in the right of a state to declare void a federal law
John C. Calhoun
The leading southern politician of the early nineteenth century
Dredd Scott v. Sandford (1857)
The Supreme Court concluded that the U.S. Congress lacked the constitutional authority to bar slavery in the territories. This decision narrowed the scope of national power, while in enhanced that of the states
Civil War
Military Conflict from 1861 to 1865 in the U.S. between the Northern Forces and Southern Forces
Abraham Lincoln
16th President of the United States; saved the Union during the American Civil War and emancipated the slaves
Secession
The action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state
Confederate States of America
A republic formed in February, 1861, and composed of the 11 Southern states that seceded from the United States in order to preserve slavery and states’ rights
Reconstruction
1865-1867, period after the Civil War, restoration of the seceded states and the integration of the freedmen into American society
Andrew Johnson
17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869
Sixteenth Amendment
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income tax
Seventeenth Amendment
Amendment to the U.S. constitution that made senators directly elected by the people, removing their selection from state legislatures
Calvin Coolidge
30th President of the United States
Herbert Hoover
31st President, a Republican, served 1929-1933 during the start of the Great Depression
Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd president, a democrat, served from 1933-1945 Took the u.s through the Great Depression and WW2
New Deal
A series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms and regulations enacted by liberal Democrats led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Cooperative Federalism
National, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems
Progressive Federalism
Provides states with greater control over issues previously reserved for the federal government
Barrack Obama
He was the first African American to be elected to the presidency, and was re-elected in 2012 for a second term
Categorical Grants
Grants that appropriate federal funds to states for a specific purpose
Lyndon B. Johnson
36th President, Democrat that served from 1964-1969. Led the nation during the Civil RIghts Era and The Vietnam War
Great Society
Domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs
Ronald Reagan
40th President, a Republican who served from 1981-1989. Led nation through end of cold war and his leadership led to a national shift toward political conservatism
New Federalism
Political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states
Block Grant
A grant from a central government that a local authority can allocate to a wide range of services
Programmatic Requests
Guidance solicited by the House and Senate appropriations subcommittees from Members of Congress
