APGOVCH5.Cecilia.Martinez Flashcards
Abolitionist
a person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or (formerly) slavery.
Affirmative action
(in the context of the allocation of resources or employment) the practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously.
Americans with disabilities act
is federal legislation passed in 1990 that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities.
Brown v. Board of education
was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that American state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.
Cesar Chavez
was an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962.
civil rights
a class of rights that protect individuals’ freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.
Chinese exclusion act
was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.
civil rights act of 1875
was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction era in response to civil rights violations against African Americans, “to protect all citizens in their civil and legal rights”, giving them equal treatment
civil rights act of 1964
is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, and racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations.
Dolores Scott v. Sandford
was the most important slavery-related decision in the United States Supreme Court’s history.The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro- and anti-slavery factions in Congress, primarily addressing the regulation of slavery in the Western Territories.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
was an American army general and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Eleanor Roosevelt
was an American political figure, diplomat and activist. She served as the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1933 to April 12, 1945 during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s four terms in office.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
was an American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women’s rights movement.
Emancipation proclamation
was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. It changed the federal legal status of more than 3.5 million enslaved African Americans in the designated areas of the South from slave to free.
Equal pay act of 1963
is a United States labor law amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex
equal protection clause
is a clause within the text of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Dolores Huerta
is an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Cesar Chavez, is a co-founder of the National Farm workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers.
Equal Rights Amendment
a proposed amendment to the US Constitution stating that civil rights may not be denied on the basis of one’s sex.
Fifteenth amendment
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
fourteenth amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments.
Frederick Douglass
was an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman.
grandfather clause
a clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices.
Harriet Tubman
an American abolitionist and political activist. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved people, family and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad.
Harry S. Truman
was the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president.
intermediate standard of review
the higher standard of review that requires narrowly tailored and least restrictive means to further a compelling governmental interest, and “rational basis review”
Jim crow laws
were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period.
John F. Kennedy
commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician and journalist who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.
Korematsu V. U.S
was a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship.
Lawrence v. Texas
is a landmark civil rights case by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.
League of united latin american citizens
is the oldest surviving Latino civil rights organization in the U.S. It was established on February 17, 1929, in Corpus Christi, Texas, largely by Hispanic veterans of World War I who sought to end ethnic discrimination against Latinos in the United States.
LGBT community
also referred to as the gay community, is a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, LGBT organizations, and subcultures, united by a common culture and social movements.
Lucretia Mott
abolitionist, women’s rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840.
Martin Luther king jr.
was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968.
Mexican American Legal defense and educational fund
is a national non-profit civil rights organization formed in 1968 to protect the rights of Latinos in the United States.
National American women suffrage association
was an organization formed on February 18, 1890 to advocate in favor of women’s suffrage in the United States.
National association for the advancement of colored people
is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey.
NAACP legal defense and educational fund
is a leading United States civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.
National organization for women
is an American feminist organization founded in 1966. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in Washington, D.C
National women’s party
is an American women’s political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women’s suffrage.
Nineteenth amendment
prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex.
Obergefell v. Hodges
is a landmark civil rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Plessy v. Ferguson
was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as “separate but equal”.
poll tax
is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual. Head taxes were important sources of revenue for many governments from ancient times until the 19th century.
progressive era
was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s.
rational basis standard of review
is the normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment.
Rosa parks
was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott.
Seneca falls convention
the first women’s rights convention. It advertised itself as “a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman”. Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848.
separate but equal doctrine
was a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed “equal protection” under the law to all people.
standards of review
is the amount of deference given by one court (or some other appellate tribunal) in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal.
strict scrutiny
is a form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws.
Suffrage movement
granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest.
Susan B. Anthony
was an American social reformer and women’s rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women’s suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17.
Suspect classifications
refers to a characteristic used in applying a law, which a court will review subject to a strict scrutiny standard.
Thirteenth amendment
In Congress, it was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, and by the House on January 31, 1865. The amendment was ratified by the required number of states on December 6, 1865.
Title IX
is a federal civil rights law in the United States of America that was passed as part of the Education Amendments of 1972
Thurgood Marshall
was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991.
United States v. Windsor
is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of “marriage” and “spouse” to apply
