APGOVCH3.Cecilia.Martinez Flashcards
Abraham Lincoln
Sixteenth president of the united States, the first elected Republican president, who served from 1861 to 1865.
Andrew Johnson
The seventeenth president of the United states, a republican, who served from 1865 to 1869. Johnson had served as Abraham Lincoln vice president after Lincoln’s assassination.
Barack Obama
The first African American president of the united states, a Democrat, Who served as forty-fourth president from 2009 to 2017.
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)
Supreme Court decision holding that the Bill of Rights restrained only the national government, not the states and cities.
Bill of attainder
A legislative act finding a person guilty of treason or felony without a trial, A law that declares a person, without trial, to be guilty of a crime. The state legislatures and Congress are forbidden to pass such acts, Article 1, Sections 9 and 10, of the Constitution.
Block grant
A payment that the federal government distributes to a state or local government and for which the recipient determines the specific use., Federal grants are given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services.
Calvin Coolidge
Thirtieth president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1923 to 1929.
Categorical grants
intergovernmental grants with specific instructions to state and local officials on how the money could be spent
Civil War
The military conflict from 1861 to 1865 in the United States between the northern forces of the union and the Southern forces of the Confederacy.
Charter
a document, issued by a sovereign or state, outlining the conditions under which a corporation, colony, city or other corporate body is organized, and defining its rights and privileges.
Concurrent powers
are powers in nations with a federal system of government that are shared by both the State and the federal government.
Confederate States of America
A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States
Confederation
a form of government in which sovereignty is wholly on the hands of the states and local governments, so the national government is dependent in their will
cooperative Federalism
Cooperation among federal, state, &local governments; “marble cake” federalism.
Counties
The basic administrative units of local governments
Democracy
a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
Dillon´s rule
the stipulation that the terms of a municipal charter be narrowly interpreted. Reversed by home rule charters, to some extent
Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857)
1857 Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that living in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
dual federalism
an interpretation of the Constitution which holds that states are as supreme within their sphere of power as is the federal government within its sphere of power
Enumerated powers
17 powers explicitly given to Congress in the Constitution
Ex post fact law
A law which punishes people for a crime that was not a crime when it was committed. Congress cannot pass these laws.
Extradition Clause
the procedure by which a state or nation, upon receipt of a formal request by another state or nation, turns over to that second jurisdiction an individual charged with or convicted of a crime in that jurisdiction.
Federal system
System of government in which powers are divided between the national government and state or local governments.
Franklin D Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. Wikipedia
Full faith and credit clause
Article IV, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, known as the “Full Faith and Credit Clause”, addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the “public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state.
Gibbons V. Ogden (1824)
Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1, was a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.
Great society
a domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs.
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover was an American engineer, businessman and politician who served as the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression
implied power
Implied powers, in the United States, are powers authorized by the Constitution that, while not stated, seem implied by powers that are expressly stated
Interstate Compacts
an agreement between two or more states. Article I, Section 10 of the United States Constitution provides that “No State shall, without the Consent of Congress… enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State.”
Iroquois Confederacy
confederation of Native American Indians which was originally composed of 5 tribes consisting of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca peoples.
John C. Calhoun
John Caldwell Calhoun was an American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina, and the seventh Vice President of the United States from 1825 to 1832.
John Marshall
John James Marshall was an American politician who served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835.
Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson, often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969.
McCulloch v. Maryland(1819)
one of the first and most important Supreme Court cases on federal power. In this case, the Supreme Court held that Congress has implied powers derived from those listed in Article I, Section 8. The “Necessary and Proper” Clause gave Congress the power to establish a national bank.
Monarchy
a form of government in which a group, generally a family representing a dynasty, embodies the country’s national identity and its head, the monarch, exercises the role of sovereignty.
Municipalities
a city or town that has corporate status and local government.
New Deal
series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to restore prosperity to Americans. When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were suffering.
New Federalism
political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states.
Nullification
legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional with respect to the United States Constitution (as opposed to the state’s own constitution).
Oligarchy
form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. These people may be distinguished by nobility, wealth, family ties, education or corporate, religious or political, military control.
priviledges and immunities clause
prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner. Additionally, a right of interstate travel may plausibly be inferred from the clause
programmatic requests
sometimes referred to as a Member request, is guidance solicited by the House and Senate appropriations subcommittees from Members of Congress. Programmatic requests function in lieu of earmark requests ever since the outright ban on earmarks in 2011
progressive federalism
a form of government where a group of states, territories, etc., are governed by one central power.
Reconstruction
era was the period from 1863 to 1877 in American history. The term has two applications: the first applies to the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877
reserved powers
found in the 10th Amendment, established that any power not specifically delegated to the national government reverts to the states.
Roger B. Taney
Roger Brooke Taney was the fifth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864.
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
secession
withdrawal of a group from a larger entity, especially a political entity, but also from any organization, union or military alliance. Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals.
seventeenth amendment
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
sixteenth amendment
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
Special district
independent, special-purpose governmental units that exist separately from local governments such as county, municipal, and township governments, with substantial administrative and fiscal independence.
tenth amendment
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
totalitarianism
a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.
unitary system
state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate.
