APGOV Ch.5 vocab.Kamya.Auberry

Question 1

abolitionist

Answer 1

A supporter especially in the early nineteenth century of ending the institution of slavery

Question 2

affirmative action

Answer 2

polices designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group

Question 3

Americans with Disabilities Act

Answer 3

A law enacted by congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities

Question 4

Brown v. Board of education (1954)

Answer 4

U.S. supreme court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the fourteenth amendments guarantee of equal protection of the law.

Question 5

Cesar Chavez

Answer 5

labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the united farm workers union in the 1960s

Question 6

civil rights

Answer 6

the government protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals.

Question 7

Chinese exclusion act

Answer 7

a law passed by congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the U.S. from china

Question 8

civil rights act of 1875

Answer 8

passed by congress to enforce the fourteenth amendments guarantees of equal protection to African Americans. granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions.

Question 9

civil rights act of 1964

Answer 9

wide ranging legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the equal employment opportunity commission

Question 10

Dolores Huerta

Answer 10

Labor organizer who with Cesar Chavez founded the united farm workers union in the 1960s

Question 11

dred scott v. sandford

Answer 11

The 1957 Supreme Court decision ruling that a slave who had escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories.

Question 12

dwight d. Eisenhower

Answer 12

the 34th president a republican who served from 1953 to 1961 Eisenhower commanded allied forces during world war II

Question 13

Eleanor Roosevelt

Answer 13

first lady of the u.s. from 1933 to 1945 Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the u.s.’s first delegate to the later chaired the UN’s commission on human rights.

Question 14

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 14

leading 19th century feminist suffragist and abolitionist who along with Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca falls convention Stanton later founded the national woman suffrage association with Susan b Anthony.

Question 15

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 15

President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared “that all persons held as slaves” within the rebellious states “are, and henceforward shall be free.”

Question 16

equal pay act of 1963

Answer 16

legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work.

Question 17

equal protection clause

Answer 17

A clause of the fourteenth amendment that forbids any state to deny equal protection of the laws to any individual within its jurisdiction

Question 18

equal rights amendment

Answer 18

proposed amendment to the constitution that states “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the united states or any state on account of sex”

Question 19

fifteenth amendment

Answer 19

one of three major amendments ratified after the civil war specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves

Question 20

fourteenth amendment

Answer 20

one of three major amendments ratified after civil war; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all u.s. citizens

Question 21

Frederick Douglass

Answer 21

a former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist writer, and suffragist.

Question 22

grandfather clause

Answer 22

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Question 23

Harriet Tubman

Answer 23

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Question 24

harry s Truman

Answer 24

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt’s death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945.

Question 25

intermediate standard of review

Answer 25

standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a quasisuspect, law must meet an important state interest

Question 26

Jim crow laws

Answer 26

laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations.

Question 27

john f. Kennedy

Answer 27

president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall

Question 28

korematsu v. u.s.

Answer 28

a supreme court ruling that upheld the authority of the u.s. government to require mass interment of people of japanese ancestry in the u.s. during world war II

Question 29

Lawrence v. Texas

Answer 29

a landmark civil rights case by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.

Question 30

league of united Latin american citizens

Answer 30

an activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against and promote assimilation against Americans of Hispanic origin.

Question 31

LGBT community

Answer 31

a minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people.

Question 32

Lucretia Mott

Answer 32

leading 19th century feminist suffragist and abolitionist who along with Elizabeth cady Stanton organized the Seneca falls convention

Question 33

martin luther king jr.

Answer 33

A baptist minister, proponent of non violence, and most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968.

Question 34

mexican american legal defense and educational fund

Answer 34

An organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage

Question 35

national american woman suffarge association

Answer 35

Organization created by joining the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations

Question 36

national association for the advancement of colored people

Answer 36

An important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans

Question 37

naacp legal defense and educational fund

Answer 37

The legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education and a host of other key civil rights cases

Question 38

national organization for women

Answer 38

The leading activist group of the women;s right movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s.

Question 39

national womans party

Answer 39

A militant Suffrage organization founded in the early twentieth century. Members of this organization were arrested, jailed and even force-fed by authorities when they went on hunger strikes to secure voting rights for women

Question 40

nineteenth amendment

Answer 40

Amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote

Question 41

obergefell v. hodges

Answer 41

Supreme Court ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the Constitution

Question 42

plessy v. ferguson

Answer 42

Supreme Court case that challenged Louisiana statute requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites; the Court found that separate-but-equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Question 43

poll tax

Answer 43

Taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot

Question 44

progressive era

Answer 44

A period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the United States

Question 45

rational basis standard of review

Answer 45

A standard of Review in which the Court determines whether any rational foundations for the discrimination exists. Legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity are generally given this level of review

Question 46

rosa parks

Answer 46

A leading civil rights activist of the 20th century. She was most notably involved with the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Question 47

seneca falls convention

Answer 47

The first major feminist meeting, held in the New York State in 1848, which produced the historic “Declaration of Sentiments” calling for equal rights for women.

Question 48

separate but equal doctrine

Answer 48

The central tenet of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision that claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution. This doctrine was used by the southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the nineteenth century

Question 49

standards of review

Answer 49

The levels of deference the Court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. Theses standards stem from the Court’s need to ensure that laws do not undermine the 14th amendment’s equal protections clause

Question 50

strict security

Answer 50

A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. Legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press we well as suspect classifications are accorded to this level of review

Question 51

suffrage movement

Answer 51

The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920

Question 52

Susan b Anthony

Answer 52

Nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. She later formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which along with the National Woman’s Party (NWP) helped to ensure ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

Question 53

suspect classifications

Answer 53

Category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court

Question 54

thirteenth amendment

Answer 54

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States

Question 55

title IX

Answer 55

Provision of the Education Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students

Question 56

thrugood Marshall

Answer 56

A leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACP’s Legal Defense and Educational Fund. He was the first African American appointed to the Supreme Court and served on the Court from 1967 until 1991

Question 57

united states v. Windsor

Answer 57

A Supreme Court ruling striking down the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited federal recognition of same sex marriages