APGOV Ch.5 vocab.Kamya.Auberry Flashcards
abolitionist
A supporter especially in the early nineteenth century of ending the institution of slavery
affirmative action
polices designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group
Americans with Disabilities Act
A law enacted by congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities
Brown v. Board of education (1954)
U.S. supreme court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the fourteenth amendments guarantee of equal protection of the law.
Cesar Chavez
labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the united farm workers union in the 1960s
civil rights
the government protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals.
Chinese exclusion act
a law passed by congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the U.S. from china
civil rights act of 1875
passed by congress to enforce the fourteenth amendments guarantees of equal protection to African Americans. granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions.
civil rights act of 1964
wide ranging legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the equal employment opportunity commission
Dolores Huerta
Labor organizer who with Cesar Chavez founded the united farm workers union in the 1960s
dred scott v. sandford
The 1957 Supreme Court decision ruling that a slave who had escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories.
dwight d. Eisenhower
the 34th president a republican who served from 1953 to 1961 Eisenhower commanded allied forces during world war II
Eleanor Roosevelt
first lady of the u.s. from 1933 to 1945 Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the u.s.’s first delegate to the later chaired the UN’s commission on human rights.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
leading 19th century feminist suffragist and abolitionist who along with Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca falls convention Stanton later founded the national woman suffrage association with Susan b Anthony.
Emancipation Proclamation
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared “that all persons held as slaves” within the rebellious states “are, and henceforward shall be free.”
equal pay act of 1963
legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work.
equal protection clause
A clause of the fourteenth amendment that forbids any state to deny equal protection of the laws to any individual within its jurisdiction
equal rights amendment
proposed amendment to the constitution that states “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the united states or any state on account of sex”
fifteenth amendment
one of three major amendments ratified after the civil war specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves
fourteenth amendment
one of three major amendments ratified after civil war; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all u.s. citizens
Frederick Douglass
a former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist writer, and suffragist.
grandfather clause
A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.
Harriet Tubman
United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)
harry s Truman
The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt’s death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945.
intermediate standard of review
standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a quasisuspect, law must meet an important state interest
Jim crow laws
laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations.
john f. Kennedy
president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall
korematsu v. u.s.
a supreme court ruling that upheld the authority of the u.s. government to require mass interment of people of japanese ancestry in the u.s. during world war II
Lawrence v. Texas
a landmark civil rights case by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.
league of united Latin american citizens
an activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against and promote assimilation against Americans of Hispanic origin.
LGBT community
a minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people.
Lucretia Mott
leading 19th century feminist suffragist and abolitionist who along with Elizabeth cady Stanton organized the Seneca falls convention
martin luther king jr.
A baptist minister, proponent of non violence, and most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968.
mexican american legal defense and educational fund
An organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage
national american woman suffarge association
Organization created by joining the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations
national association for the advancement of colored people
An important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans
naacp legal defense and educational fund
The legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education and a host of other key civil rights cases
national organization for women
The leading activist group of the women;s right movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s.
national womans party
A militant Suffrage organization founded in the early twentieth century. Members of this organization were arrested, jailed and even force-fed by authorities when they went on hunger strikes to secure voting rights for women
nineteenth amendment
Amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote
obergefell v. hodges
Supreme Court ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the Constitution
plessy v. ferguson
Supreme Court case that challenged Louisiana statute requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites; the Court found that separate-but-equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
poll tax
Taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot
progressive era
A period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the United States
rational basis standard of review
A standard of Review in which the Court determines whether any rational foundations for the discrimination exists. Legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity are generally given this level of review
rosa parks
A leading civil rights activist of the 20th century. She was most notably involved with the Montgomery Bus Boycott
seneca falls convention
The first major feminist meeting, held in the New York State in 1848, which produced the historic “Declaration of Sentiments” calling for equal rights for women.
separate but equal doctrine
The central tenet of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision that claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution. This doctrine was used by the southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the nineteenth century
standards of review
The levels of deference the Court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. Theses standards stem from the Court’s need to ensure that laws do not undermine the 14th amendment’s equal protections clause
strict security
A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. Legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press we well as suspect classifications are accorded to this level of review
suffrage movement
The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920
Susan b Anthony
Nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. She later formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which along with the National Woman’s Party (NWP) helped to ensure ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment
suspect classifications
Category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court
thirteenth amendment
One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States
title IX
Provision of the Education Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students
thrugood Marshall
A leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACP’s Legal Defense and Educational Fund. He was the first African American appointed to the Supreme Court and served on the Court from 1967 until 1991
united states v. Windsor
A Supreme Court ruling striking down the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited federal recognition of same sex marriages
