APGov Ch.5 Angelina.Zamora Flashcards
abolitionist
a supporter especially in the early 19th century of ending the institution of slavery
affirmative action
policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group
Americans with disabilities act
a law enacted by Congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities
Brown v board of education
U.S supreme court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the guarantee of the 14th amendment of equal protection of the law
Cesar Chavez
labor organizer who with Dolores Huerta founded the united states workers union in the 1960s
civil rights
the government protected the rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals
chinese exclusion act
a law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration in the U.S from China
civil rights act of 1875
passed by Congress to enforce the 14th amendments guarantees of equal protection to African Americans granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions
civil rights act of 1964
wide-ranging legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment education and voting; created the equal employment opportunity commission
dolores Huerta
labor organizer who with Cesar Chavez founded the united states workers union in the 1960s
Dred Scott v Sanford
a supreme court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans Dred scot heightened tensions between the proslavery south and the abolitionist north in the run up to the civil war.
Dwight D Eisenhower
34th president a republican he commanded allied forced during ww2
Eleanor Roosevelt
the first lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945 Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S first delegate to the united nations general assembly and later charged the UN’s commission on human rights
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
leading 19th-century feminist suffrage and abolitionist who along with Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca falls convention Stanton later founded the national woman suffrage association with Susan b Anthony
emancipation proclamation
president Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863, in the third year of the civil war. it freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the united states.
equal pay act of 1963
legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work
equal protection clause
section of the 14th amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive equal protection of the laws
equal rights amendments
proposed amendment to the constitution that states equally of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the united states or any state on account of sex
15th amendment
one of three major amendments ratified after the civil war specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves
14th amendment
one of three major amendments ratified after the civil war guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S citizens
Frederick Douglass
a former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist writer and suffragist
Grandfather clause
voter qualifications provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens whose grandfathers had voted before reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test
harriet Tubman
born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the underground railroad. she led more than 70 people to freedom in the north served in the union during the civil war and championed women’s suffrage
Harry s Truman
the 33rd president of the united states a Democrat served because Roosevelt died in office led the united states through the end of ww2 and the cold war.
intermediate standard of review
a standard review in which the court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective. Gender-related legislation automatically accorded this level of review
jim crow laws
laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public school theaters hotels and other public accommodations
John F Kennedy
35th president a Democrat marked a generational shift in U.S politics at the height of the cold war. He was assassinated November 22, 1963
Korematsu v U.S
a supreme court ruling that upheld the authority of the U.S government to require mass internment of people of Japanese ancestry in the United States during world war 2
Lawrence v Texas
a 2003 supreme court ruling that anti-sodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy
league of United Latin American citizens
an activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against and promote assimilation among Americans of Hispanic origin
LGBT community
a minority group on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian gay bisexual and transgender people
Lucretia Mott
leading 19th-century feminist suffragist and abolitionists who along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca falls convention
Martin Luther King Jr.
a Baptist minister proponent of nonviolence and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and the 1960s. He was assassinated on April 4 1968
mexican American legal defense and educational fund
an organization modeled on the NAACP legal defense and educational fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage
National american woman sufferage association
organization created by joining the national and American women suffrage associations
national association for the advancement of colored people
an important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation racism and voting right violations targeted against African Americans
NAACP legal defense and educational fund
the legal arm to the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark cause of brown v board of education and a host of other key civil rights cases
national organization for women
the leading activist group for the women’s rights movement especially in the 1960s and 1970s
national woman’s party
a militant suffrage organization founded in the early twentieth-century members of the NWP were arrested jailed and even forced fed by authorities when they went of hunger strikes to secure voting rights for women
19th amendment
amendment to the constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote
Obergfell v Hodges
supreme court ruling that upheld that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the constitution
plessy v Ferguson
the supreme court case that challenged a Louisiana statute requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment
poll tax
taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter cast a ballot
progressive era
a period of widespread activism to reform political economic and social ills in the United States
rational basis standard of review
a standard of review in which the court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exists. Legislation affecting individuals based on age wealth mental capacity are generally given this level of review.
rosa parks
a leading civil rights activist of the twentieth-century parks was most notably involved with the Montgomery bus boycott
seneca falls convention
the first major feminist meaning held in NY state 1848 which preceded the historic declaration of sentiments calling for equal rights for women
separate but equal doctrine
the center tenet of the Plessy v Ferguson decision that claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the constitution, used by southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the 19th century
standards of review
the levels of deference the court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. These standards stem from the courts need to ensure that laws do not undermine the 15th amendments equal protection clause
strict scrutiny
a heightened standard of review used by the supreme court to determine the constitutional validity of challenged practice legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech assembly religion and the press as well as suspect classifications are automatically accorded this level of review
suffrage movement
the drive for voting rights for women that took place in the united states in the 19th century until ratification of the 19th amendment on 1920
susan b Anthony
19th-century feminist suffragist and founder of the national woman suffrage association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. she later formed the national women suffrage association which helped ensure ratification of the 19th amendment
suspect classification
category or class such as the race of fundamental freedom that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the supreme court
13th amendment
one of three major amendments ratified after the civil war specifically bans slavery in the United States
title ix
provision of the education amendments of 197 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students
thurgood marshall
a leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACP’s legal defense and educational fund. Marshall was the first African American appointed to the supreme court and served on the court from 1967 until 1991
united states v Windsor
a supreme court ruling striking down the 1996 defense of marriage act which prohibited federal recognition of same-sex marriage
