AP Psychology - Motivation, Emotion, & Personality

Question 1

instinct

Answer 1

unlearned, complex behavior that’s rigidly patterned throughout species

Question 2

drive-reduction theory

Answer 2

physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy need
(need –> drive –> drive-reducing behaviors)

Question 3

incentive

Answer 3

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 4

Yerkes-Dodson Law of Arousal

Answer 4

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a certain point, then performance decreases

Question 5

defense mechanism

Answer 5

ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by distorting reality

Question 6

repression

Answer 6

unknowingly forgetting an unpleasant memory

Question 7

regression

Answer 7

reverting to immature behavior

Question 8

displacement

Answer 8

redirecting unacceptable feelings from original source to safer target

Question 9

sublimation

Answer 9

replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behavior

Question 10

reaction formation

Answer 10

acting in opposite way to person’s unacceptable impulses

Question 11

projection

Answer 11

attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings to others and not yourself

Question 12

rationalization

Answer 12

creating false excuses for unacceptable behavior

Question 13

intellectualization

Answer 13

block confrontation and avoid feelings of stress

Question 14

identification

Answer 14

person who struggles to find identity by mimicking other people

Question 15

denial

Answer 15

refusing to think about a reality that’s intolerable

Question 16

id

Answer 16

unconscious motive for survival, aggression, and reproduction

Question 17

ego

Answer 17

response to the real world

Question 18

superego

Answer 18

moral compass

Question 19

Hermann Rorschach inkblot test

Answer 19

projective test, identifies people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Question 20

Thematic Apperception Test

Answer 20

test where people express inner feelings and interests through stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Question 21

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

Answer 21

widely researched and clinically used for personality tests, originally developed for emotional disorders

Question 22

James-Lange

Answer 22

emotions arise from awareness of bodily responses to stimuli

Question 23

Cannon-Bard

Answer 23

stimuli triggers bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience

Question 24

Schacter-Singer

Answer 24

general arousal and conscious cognitive label

Question 25

avoidance-avoidance

Answer 25

when a person is confronted with the need to choose between two unwanted things

Question 26

approach-approach

Answer 26

conflict when simultaneously two attractive opportunities, but the individual must make a choice between them

Question 27

approach-avoidance

Answer 27

when one needs to make a decision about a situation that has both positive and negative consequences

Question 28

multiple approach-avoidance

Answer 28

conflict that weighs the pros and cons of differing situations that have both good and bad elements

Question 29

Opponent Process Theory of Emotion

Answer 29

how an initial reaction to an emotional event is followed by an opposite secondary emotional state

Question 30

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Answer 30

asserts that your brain first appraises a situation, and the resulting response is an emotion
(stimulus –> thought –> emotion and physiological response)

Question 31

Facial Feedback Theory

Answer 31

facial expressions are connected to experiencing emotions

Question 32

Primary Appraisal

Answer 32

determining whether the stressor poses a threat

Question 33

Secondary Appraisal

Answer 33

evaluation of the resources or coping strategies for perceiving threats

Question 34

set-point theory

Answer 34

when you eat, you restore your optimal energy level

Question 35

positive incentive hunger theory

Answer 35

motivated to eat by the anticipated pleasure of eating

Question 36

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 36

physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Question 37

psychosexual stages

Answer 37

oral (0-18 months, mouth-sucking, biting, chewing), anal (18-36 months, bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (3-6 years, genitals, incestuous sexual feelings), latency (6 to puberty, dormant sexual feelings), genital (puberty and on, maturation of sexual interests)

Question 38

General Adaptation Syndrome (Hans Selye)

Answer 38

exposed to any kind of stressful event
Phase 1- Alarm
Phase 2- Resistance
Phase 3- Exhaustion

Question 39

Jung

Answer 39

believed that human beings are connected to each other and their ancestors through a shared set of experiences

Question 40

Adler

Answer 40

behavior is learned/socially embedded

Question 41

Horney

Answer 41

supportive environment = good interpersonal relationships