AP Chem. Ch.8-9

Question 0

Driving force among all types of bonding?

Answer 0

Electrostatic

Question 1

Which are the three basic types of bonds?

Answer 1

Ionic
Covalent
Metallic

Question 2

• electrostatic attractions between ions

- metal w/ nonmetal

Answer 2

Ionic bond

Question 3

• sharing of electrons

- nonmetal w/ nonmetal

Answer 3

Covalent bond

Question 4

-metal atoms bonded to several other atoms

Metal w/ metal

Answer 4

Metallic

Question 5

All chemical bonds form b/c the electron-proton attraction _______ the potential energy of the system as the bond forms

Answer 5

Lowers

Question 6

Balance between the attractiobs of the oppositely charged particles and repulsions of the like charged particles

Answer 6

Distance between the bonded particles

Question 7

Electrons involved in bonding

Answer 7

Balance electrons

Question 8

Where are balance electrons found?

Answer 8

In the incomplete, outer most shell of an atom.

Question 9

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons

Answer 9

Octet rule

Question 10

Which subshells does an octet consist of?

Answer 10

S^2, P^6 subshells

Question 11

• Energy required to completely separate a mole of a solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions.
• increases with the CHARGE on the ions.
• increases w/ the DECREASING SIZE of ions.

Answer 11

Lattice energy

Question 12

What 2 factors affect lattice energy??

Answer 12

Charge and size

Question 13

Thermodynamic cycle that analyzes lattice energy precisely.

Answer 13

Born-harber cycle

Question 14

Three electrostatic interactions in covalent bonds:

Answer 14

• Attraction between electrons and nuclei
• repulsions between electrons
• repulsions between nuclei

Question 15

Sharing of 1 pair of e- bettwen atoms.

Answer 15

Single covalent bond

Question 16

Pair of electrons that is not being shared.

Answer 16

Unshared pair

Question 17

Which atoms can form multiple bonds??

Answer 17

C, N, O, S

Question 18

Sharing of 2 pairs of e- between atoms.

Answer 18

Double covalent bond

Question 19

Aharing of 3 pairs of electrons between atoms.

Answer 19

Triple covalent bond

Question 20

Equal sharing of electrons.

Answer 20

Nonpolar covalent

Question 21

Unequal sharing of electrons

Answer 21

Polar covalent

Question 22

The ability of atoms in a molecule to attract electrons to themselves
Increases accros the period, decreases down a column

Answer 22

Electronegativity

Question 23

Representations of molecules shoeing all electrons, bonding and nonbonding

Answer 23

Lewis structures

Question 24

How to find formal change

Answer 24

- count # of valence electrons - add up the number of unshared electrons to half the number of shared electrons. - subtract this value from the # of valence electrons.

Question 25

Which are the 3 types of ions that dont follow the octet rule?

Answer 25

- ions or molecules with an odd number of electrons - ions or molecules with less than an octet - ions or molecules

Question 26

How many bonds does H need to b stable?

Answer 26

1 bond( 2 electrons)

Question 27

How many bonds does Be need for it to b stable??

Answer 27

2 bonds( 4 electrons)

Question 28

How many bonds does B need for it to be stable??

Answer 28

3 bonds( 6 electrons)

Question 29

Atoms from the ____ period(and below) can accomodate more than an octet.

Answer 29

Third. _ _ | Ex: PCl5, SF4, AsF6 , and ICl4

Question 30

The strength of a bond is measured by determining how much energy is required to break the bond.

Answer 30

Bond enthalpy

Question 31

Why are the average bond enthalpies of covalent bonds positive??

Answer 31

B/c bond breaking is an endothermic process

Question 32

Bond forming should be _____

Answer 32

Exothermic

Question 33

As number of bonds increases...

Answer 33

The bond length decreases | The bond enthalpy increases

Question 34

What factor plays an important role in the molecule reactivity?

Answer 34

The shape of a molecule

Question 35

What is the shape of a molecule determined by??

Answer 35

By its bond angles

Question 36

What does VSEPR theory stand for?

Answer 36

``` Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion ```

Question 37

"The best arrangement of a given number of electron is the one that __________ repulsions among them"

Answer 37

Minimizes

Question 38

Electron pairs, bonding and nonbonding, _____ each other.

Answer 38

Repel

Question 39

Electrons pairs can be referred as

Answer 39

Electron domains

Question 40

Predicted bond angle for 2 electron domains.(linear)

Answer 40

180

Question 41

Predicted bond length for 3 electron domain.( trigonal planar)

Answer 41

120

Question 42

Predicted bond length for 4 electron domains.( tetrahedral)

Answer 42

109.5

Question 43

Predicted bond length for 5 electron domains. ( trigonal bypiramidal)

Answer 43

120, 90

Question 44

Predicted bond length for 6 electron domains.( octahedral)

Answer 44

90

Question 45

Molecular geometries that are possible for Trigonal planar:

Answer 45

- trigonal planar | - bent

Question 46

Molecular geometries that are possible for Tetrahedral:

Answer 46

- tetrahedral - Trigonal pyramidal - bent

Question 47

Molecular geometries that are possible for Trigonal bypiramidal.

Answer 47

- trigonal pyramidal - seesaw - T-shaped - linear

Question 48

Molecular geometries that are possible for Octahedral:

Answer 48

- octahedral - square pyramidal - square planar

Question 49

what does the Heisenberg uncertainty principle state?

Answer 49

The position and the momentum of an electron can never be simultaneously, exactly known.