Ap Chem. Ch. 13

Question 0

As a solution forms, the solvent pulls solute particles apart and surrounds them.( if its in water, what is this process called?)

Answer 0

Solvation

Question 1

Homogeneous mixtures( solutions) are formed when 1 _______ disperses uniformly throughout another ______.

Answer 1

Solute

Slovent

Question 2

In the absense of a strong solvent-solute attraction, the particles randomly spread out. This is typical for nonpolar solutions.

Answer 2

Dispersion

Question 3

The ability of substances to form solutions depends on 2 factors.

Answer 3

1. Type of intermolecular interactions involved

2. Entropy

Question 4

Natural tendency of substances to spread into larger volumes when not restrained.

Answer 4

Entropy

Question 5

There are three forces at work during solvation.

Answer 5

1. break solvent-solvent attractio
2. break solute-solute attraction
3. Make solvent-salute attraction

Question 6

Intermolecular forces that are the strongest when breaking solvent-solvent attraction.

Answer 6

Hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole

Question 7

Intermolecular force is the easiest to break in a solvent-solvent attraction.

Answer 7

London forces

Question 8

Intermolecular forces that are the strongest when breaking solute-solute attraction.

Answer 8

Ionic, metallic

Question 9

Intermolecular forces that are not as strong and not as weak to break in a solute-solute attraction.

Answer 9

Hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole

Question 10

Intermolecular forces that are easiest to break in a solute-solute attraction.

Answer 10

Lodon forces

Question 11

Intermolecular force is the hardest to break in a solvent-solute attraction.

Answer 11

Ion – dipole, hydrogen bonding, and dipole – dipole

Question 12

Intermolecular force is the easiest to break in a solvent-solute attraction.

Answer 12

Ion– Induced dipole, dipole – induced dipole, and London forces

Question 13

Three processes that affects energetics of solution

Answer 13

1. Separation of solute particles
2. separation of solvent particles
3. New interactions between solute and solvent

Question 14

Separation of solute particles is a________process

Answer 14

Endothermic

Question 15

Separation of solvent particles is____________process

Answer 15

Endothermic

Question 16

Interactions between salute installment are a___________process

Answer 16

Exothermic

Question 17

Things do not tend to occur spontaneously unless …

Answer 17

The energy of the system is lower (overall exothermic)

Question 18

What does the order of randomness of the system tend to do to the energy of the system ?
Dissolving is therefore what kind of reaction?

Answer 18

It tends to lower the energy

Disolving is a spontaneous reaction

Question 19

Even though enthalpy may increase,the overall energy of the system can still decrease in the system becomes more what?

Answer 19

Disordered

Question 20

Physical change – you can get back the original solute by evaporating the solvent

Answer 20

Dissolution

Question 21

In this type of solution, the solvent holds as much solute as is possible at that temperature

Answer 21

Saturated

Question 22

In a saturated solution the dissolved solute is in a dynamic__________
with solid solute particles

Answer 22

Equilibrium

Question 23

In this type of solution less solute that can be dissolved in the solvent at that temperature is dissolved in the solvent.

Answer 23

Unsaturated

Question 24

This type of solution the solvent holds more solute that is normally possible at that temperature.The solutions are unstable; Crystillization can usually be stimulated by adding a "seed crystal" or scratching the side of the flask.

Answer 24

Supersaturated solution

Question 25

Like dissolves like states that polar substances tend to dissolve in_________solvents. Nonpolar substances tend to dissolve in________ solvents.

Answer 25

Polar nonpolar

Question 26

What is the relationship between intermolecular attractions and solubility in water?

Answer 26

The more similar the intermolecular attractions, the more likely one substance is to be soluble in another

Question 27

The solubility of a gas in a liquid is_________to its pressure.

Answer 27

Directly proportional | Henry's law

Question 28

Equation for Henry's law

Answer 28

S1/P1=S2/P2

Question 29

Generally, the solubility of solid solutes in liquid solvents_______with increasing temperature. The opposite is true of gases.

Answer 29

Increases

Question 30

Increasing temperature of the water decreases the ______of the dissolved gases.

Answer 30

Decreases the solubility

Question 31

Relatively small concentration

Answer 31

Dilute

Question 32

Relatively larger concentration

Answer 32

Concentrated

Question 33

Percent mass is also known as....

Answer 33

Known as "PPH".(Parts per hundred)

Question 34

Equation for % mass

Answer 34

% mass =mass of A in solution ---------------------------- x 100 total mass of solution

Question 35

Mole fraction equation

Answer 35

X = moles of A A -------------- Total moles in solution

Question 36

Equation for molarity

Answer 36

M= mol of solute / L of solution

Question 37

Equation for molality

Answer 37

m = mol of solute / kg of solvent

Question 38

Since both moles and mass do not change with temperature, molality is not .......

Answer 38

temperature dependent

Question 39

We can calculate the molality from the molarity and vice versa if we know this thing, what is it?

Answer 39

Density of the solution

Question 40

Changes in colligative properties depend on the ________ of solute particles present, not the identity of the solute particles.

Answer 40

Number

Question 41

Among collegative properties are:

Answer 41

Vapor pressure lowering boiling point elevation melting point depression Osmotic pressure

Question 42

Because of salute – solvent intermolecular attraction, higher concentrations of nonvolatile make it __________for solvents to scape to the vapor phase.

Answer 42

Make it harder

Question 43

Vapor pressure of a solution ______is then the pure solvent.

Answer 43

Lower

Question 44

Raoult's law equation

Answer 44

P = X P° | A A A

Question 45

Interactions that cost solutions to have higher boiling points lower freezing points than the pure solvent.

Answer 45

Nonvolatile solution – solvent interactions

Question 46

Net movement of solvent from the area of higher solvent concentration to an area of lower solvent concentration is work.

Answer 46

Osmosis

Question 47

Pressure required to stop a smosis, known as osmotic pressure,I~I ,is...

Answer 47

I~I = ( n/ V )RT or = MRT

Question 48

If the osmotic pressure is the same on both sides of the membrane, the solutions are ...

Answer 48

Isotonic

Question 49

The solute concentration outside the cell is greater than that inside the cell, the solution is....

Answer 49

Hypertonic

Question 50

If the solution is hypertonic then water will flow out of the cell and what results from this?

Answer 50

Crenation

Question 51

If the solute concentration outside the cell is less than that inside the cell, the solution is...

Answer 51

Hypotonic

Question 52

If the solution is hypotonic water will flow into the cell and what results from this?

Answer 52

Hemolysis

Question 53

Suspensions of particles larger than idividual molecules or ions,but too small to be settled out by gravity are called...

Answer 53

Colloids

Question 54

Colloidal suspensions can scatter rays of light and this phenomenon is known as...

Answer 54

The Tyndall effect

Question 55

Water loving

Answer 55

Hydrophilic

Question 56

Water hating

Answer 56

Hydrophobic

Question 57

Large molecules with the hydrophilic polar groups on the. surface and the hydrophobic portions folded in

Answer 57

Hydrophilic colloid

Question 58

Hydrophilic colloids can absorb ions in this causes them to be _________by water

Answer 58

Attracted by water

Question 59

Molecule with polar and nonpolar portions like soap

Answer 59

Emulsifying agents