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flashcards! > Ap Chem. Ch. 13 > Flashcards

Ap Chem. Ch. 13 Flashcards

0
Q

As a solution forms, the solvent pulls solute particles apart and surrounds them.( if its in water, what is this process called?)

A

Solvation

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1
Q

Homogeneous mixtures( solutions) are formed when 1 _______ disperses uniformly throughout another ______.

A

Solute

Slovent

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2
Q

In the absense of a strong solvent-solute attraction, the particles randomly spread out. This is typical for nonpolar solutions.

A

Dispersion

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3
Q

The ability of substances to form solutions depends on 2 factors.

A
  1. Type of intermolecular interactions involved

2. Entropy

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4
Q

Natural tendency of substances to spread into larger volumes when not restrained.

A

Entropy

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5
Q

There are three forces at work during solvation.

A
  1. break solvent-solvent attractio
  2. break solute-solute attraction
  3. Make solvent-salute attraction
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6
Q

Intermolecular forces that are the strongest when breaking solvent-solvent attraction.

A

Hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole

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7
Q

Intermolecular force is the easiest to break in a solvent-solvent attraction.

A

London forces

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8
Q

Intermolecular forces that are the strongest when breaking solute-solute attraction.

A

Ionic, metallic

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9
Q

Intermolecular forces that are not as strong and not as weak to break in a solute-solute attraction.

A

Hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole

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10
Q

Intermolecular forces that are easiest to break in a solute-solute attraction.

A

Lodon forces

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11
Q

Intermolecular force is the hardest to break in a solvent-solute attraction.

A

Ion – dipole, hydrogen bonding, and dipole – dipole

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12
Q

Intermolecular force is the easiest to break in a solvent-solute attraction.

A

Ion– Induced dipole, dipole – induced dipole, and London forces

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13
Q

Three processes that affects energetics of solution

A
  1. Separation of solute particles
  2. separation of solvent particles
  3. New interactions between solute and solvent
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14
Q

Separation of solute particles is a________process

A

Endothermic

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15
Q

Separation of solvent particles is____________process

A

Endothermic

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16
Q

Interactions between salute installment are a___________process

A

Exothermic

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17
Q

Things do not tend to occur spontaneously unless …

A

The energy of the system is lower (overall exothermic)

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18
Q

What does the order of randomness of the system tend to do to the energy of the system ?
Dissolving is therefore what kind of reaction?

A

It tends to lower the energy

Disolving is a spontaneous reaction

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19
Q

Even though enthalpy may increase,the overall energy of the system can still decrease in the system becomes more what?

A

Disordered

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20
Q

Physical change – you can get back the original solute by evaporating the solvent

A

Dissolution

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21
Q

In this type of solution, the solvent holds as much solute as is possible at that temperature

A

Saturated

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22
Q

In a saturated solution the dissolved solute is in a dynamic__________
with solid solute particles

A

Equilibrium

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23
Q

In this type of solution less solute that can be dissolved in the solvent at that temperature is dissolved in the solvent.

A

Unsaturated

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24
Q

This type of solution the solvent holds more solute that is normally possible at that temperature.The solutions are unstable; Crystillization can usually be stimulated by adding a “seed crystal” or scratching the side of the flask.

A

Supersaturated solution

25
Q

Like dissolves like states that polar substances tend to dissolve in_________solvents. Nonpolar substances tend to dissolve in________ solvents.

A

Polar nonpolar

26
Q

What is the relationship between intermolecular attractions and solubility in water?

A

The more similar the intermolecular attractions, the more likely one substance is to be soluble in another

27
Q

The solubility of a gas in a liquid is_________to its pressure.

A

Directly proportional

Henry’s law

28
Q

Equation for Henry’s law

A

S1/P1=S2/P2

29
Q

Generally, the solubility of solid solutes in liquid solvents_______with increasing temperature. The opposite is true of gases.

A

Increases

30
Q

Increasing temperature of the water decreases the ______of the dissolved gases.

A

Decreases the solubility

31
Q

Relatively small concentration

A

Dilute

32
Q

Relatively larger concentration

A

Concentrated

33
Q

Percent mass is also known as….

A

Known as “PPH”.(Parts per hundred)

34
Q

Equation for % mass

A

% mass =mass of A in solution
—————————- x 100
total mass of solution

35
Q

Mole fraction equation

A

X = moles of A
A ————–
Total moles in solution

36
Q

Equation for molarity

A

M= mol of solute / L of solution

37
Q

Equation for molality

A

m = mol of solute / kg of solvent

38
Q

Since both moles and mass do not change with temperature, molality is not …….

A

temperature dependent

39
Q

We can calculate the molality from the molarity and vice versa if we know this thing, what is it?

A

Density of the solution

40
Q

Changes in colligative properties depend on the ________ of solute particles present, not the identity of the solute particles.

A

Number

41
Q

Among collegative properties are:

A

Vapor pressure lowering
boiling point elevation
melting point depression
Osmotic pressure

42
Q

Because of salute – solvent intermolecular attraction, higher concentrations of nonvolatile make it __________for solvents to scape to the vapor phase.

A

Make it harder

43
Q

Vapor pressure of a solution ______is then the pure solvent.

A

Lower

44
Q

Raoult’s law equation

A

P = X P°

A A A

45
Q

Interactions that cost solutions to have higher boiling points lower freezing points than the pure solvent.

A

Nonvolatile solution – solvent interactions

46
Q

Net movement of solvent from the area of higher solvent concentration to an area of lower solvent concentration is work.

A

Osmosis

47
Q

Pressure required to stop a smosis, known as osmotic pressure,I~I ,is…

A

I~I = ( n/ V )RT or = MRT

48
Q

If the osmotic pressure is the same on both sides of the membrane, the solutions are …

A

Isotonic

49
Q

The solute concentration outside the cell is greater than that inside the cell, the solution is….

A

Hypertonic

50
Q

If the solution is hypertonic then water will flow out of the cell and what results from this?

A

Crenation

51
Q

If the solute concentration outside the cell is less than that inside the cell, the solution is…

A

Hypotonic

52
Q

If the solution is hypotonic water will flow into the cell and what results from this?

A

Hemolysis

53
Q

Suspensions of particles larger than idividual molecules or ions,but too small to be settled out by gravity are called…

A

Colloids

54
Q

Colloidal suspensions can scatter rays of light and this phenomenon is known as…

A

The Tyndall effect

55
Q

Water loving

A

Hydrophilic

56
Q

Water hating

A

Hydrophobic

57
Q

Large molecules with the hydrophilic polar groups on the. surface and the hydrophobic portions folded in

A

Hydrophilic colloid

58
Q

Hydrophilic colloids can absorb ions in this causes them to be _________by water

A

Attracted by water

59
Q

Molecule with polar and nonpolar portions like soap

A

Emulsifying agents

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