Ap Chem. Ch.4 Flashcards
Solutions in which water is the solvent
Aqueous solutions
When an ionic substance dissolves in water, the solvent pulls the individual ions from the crystals and solvates them.
Dissociation
If a substance froms ions in solution, then the substance is an ________, and the solution________electricity.
Electrolyte
Conducts
If a substance does not form ions in a solution, then the substance is ___________, and the solution ________electricity.
Nonelectrolyte
Does not conduct
Molecular solutions do not conduct electricity but there are important exceptions. Give 2 examples:
1.NH3(gas) reacts with water to form NH4+(aq) and
OH-(aq)
2. HCl(gas) ionizes in water to form H3O+(aq) and
Cl-(aq)
Compounds that ________________ are strong electrolytes.
Ionize completely
Which are strong electrolytes
Strong acids
Strong bases
Soluble ionic compounds
Compounds that ____________ are weak electrolytes
Partially ionize
Reactions that result in the formation of an insoluble product.
Precipitation
A substance with a solubility of lesss than ____mol/L is regarded as being INSOLUBLE
0.01
Which substances are always soluble?
Sodium
Potassium
Ammonium
Nitrates
Substances that are able to ionize in aqueous solution to increase the concentration of H+.
Arrhenius Acids
Acids that ionize to form one H+ ion
Monoprotic acids
Acids that ionize to form two H+ ions .
Diprotic acids
Acids that ionize to form three H+ ions
Triprotic acids
Know these seven strong acids
- hydrochloric (HCl)
- hydrobromic(HBr)
- hydroiodic(HI)
- nitric(HNO3)
- sulfuric(H2SO4)
- chloric(HClO3)
- perchloric(HClO4)
Substances that increase concentration of OH- when dissolved in water.
Arrhenius bases
Brønsted and Lowry defined arrhenius bases as proton…
Acceptors
Know the 8 strong bases:
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba
Occurs when an acid and a base react to generally form a salt and water.
Neutralization reaction
Any ionic compound whose cation comes from a base and anion from an acid.
Salt
The net ionic equation of a strong acid – base neutralization reaction reduces the formation of what?
Water
In a strong acid and weak base neutralization, the weak base ____dissociate and the net ionic equation will not simplify to only the formation of water.
Does not
to acid – base reactions that are a little bit different. Acid – base reactions with gas formation.
- Sulfides will form a gas and a salt(H2S(gas))
2. Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates will form a GASEOUS PRODUCT, CO2, and H2O when treated with an acid.
Reactions that involve transfer of electrons between reactants.
Oxidation-Reduction or redox reactions
when a substance loses electrons, it undergoes _____ in a redox reaction.
Oxidation
When a substance games electrons, it undergoes _______in a redox reaction
Reduction
