AP 2 Flashcards
Have thicker walls because they are closer to the heart?
Arterioles + arteries
The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood?
Arterioles + arteries
Carry oxygenated blood?
Arteries and arterioles
The only vein that carries oxygenated blood?
veins
Have thinner walls since there is lesser intravascular pressure?
Veins and venules
Their lumen is larger than their counterparts’
Veins and venules
Their muscular wall is thicker to withstand higher pressure?
Arteries and arterioles
The one cell layered vessels through which exchange of gases and nutrients and waste take place?
Capillaries
Elastic arteries have larger diameter, and are able to accept large volume of blood from heart?
Conductive layer
These arteries are located farther from the heart and play role in vasoconstriction due to large amount of smooth muscles?
Arterioles
These vessels are critical in slowing-or resisting-blood flow and causing a substantial drop in blood pressure, also called resistance vessels?
Arterioles
Primary site of both resistance and regulation of blood pressure?
Arterioles
Supply blood to tissues (microcirculation)?
Capillaries
Primary sites of emigration or diapedesis?
Capillaries
Conduct blood to the heart?
veins
Which capillaries are the most leaky?
Sinusoid
Is the hepatic portal vein collects blood from the capillaries from stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, and spleen, and in specialized capillaries within the liver, the hepatic sinusoids?
True
The functions of the blood:
- Transportation of oxygen and nutrients
- Removing waste from body cells
- Defense
- Distribution of heat
- Maintenance of homeostasis
54% of plasma proteins volume is
albumin
Albumin functions:
- Transport different substances
- Hold water in the blood vessels
- Contribute to the blood pressure to keep it steady
- Maintain blood volume
Is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the interstitial fibroblast cells of the kidneys in
response to low oxygen levels. It prompts the production of erythrocytes?
Erythropoietin
Is a glycoprotein hormone, produced by the liver and kidneys and triggers the development
of megakaryocytes into platelets?
Thrombopoietin
These are glycoproteins secreted by a wide variety of cells, including red bone
marrow, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. They act locally as autocrine
or paracrine factors, stimulating the proliferation of progenitor cells and helping to stimulate both
nonspecific and specific resistance to disease
Cytokines
Granulocytes includes:
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Basophils
Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin that carries oxygen to the cells since they rely on aerobic
respiration. Despite that, the erythrocytes rely on anaerobic respiration since they lack___
mitochondria
Protein pectin helps the cells to maintain their ___
shape + ability to squeeze through capillaries
If the saturation percent falls to 67 or below 67, will the patient will experience cyanosis?
Yes
Erythrocytes’ life span is about___ days
120
The worn-out erythrocytes are removed from the blood with the help of macropahges
located in:
bone marrow, spleen, liver
Does changes throughout the body, according to the type of vessel earlier. The diameter of any
given vessel may also change frequently throughout the day in response to neural and
chemical signals that trigger vasodilation and vasoconstriction?
Yes
Given the same volume of blood, an increased diameter means there is less blood contacting the vessel wall, thus lower friction and lower resistance, subsequently increasing flow. Does a decreased diameter means more of the blood contacts the vessel wall, and resistance increases, subsequently decreasing flow?
Yes
Does the veins and arteries with similar names run parallel to one another, and are often described as a “complementary” pattern?
Yes
The contraction phase of the heart
systole
Relaxation phase of the heart
diastole
The first sound, when the tricuspid and mitral valves close and pulmonary and aortic valves open
Lubb
The second heart sound, when the aortic and pulmonary valves close at the end of the systole
Dubb
Which structure helps to assure that all areas, even if there may be partial blockage in
another branch, receive blood?
anastomosis
Between the right atrium and right ventricle
tricuspid valve
Between the left atrium and left ventricle
mitral valve
Emerges from the right ventricle
pulmonary valve
Emerges from the left ventricle
aortic valve
Which artery carries venous blood?
pulmonary artery
Which vein carries oxygenated blood?
pulmonary
Which structure/s is/are involved in carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood?
Red blood cells
Erythrocytes
Hemoglobin
Are Atrio-ventricular valves connected by chordae tendineae to the papillary muscles, which control the opening and closing of the valves?
Yes
The pulmonary and aortic valves are also called
semilunar
Functions of the respiratory system:
- Provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration
- Removes waste as carbon dioxide
- Helps maintain acid-base balance
- Sensing odors, speech production, straining (childbirth or coughing)
Does the conchae (turbinates) of the nose serve to increase surface area of the nasal cavity and to
disrupt the flow of air as it enters the nose, causing air to bounce along the epithelium where it
is cleaned and cooled down, also conserve water and prevent dehydration?
Yes
In the respiratory system, Serous and mucus-producing cells also secrete the lysozyme enzyme and proteins called ______, which have antibacterial properties
Defensin
Which structure helps to prevent the food from getting into the respiratory system?
uvula
Larynx:
- It is cartilaginous structure
- Helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs
- Is made of thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage
Trachea:
- It is called windpipe and extends from the larynx toward the lungs
- Is formed by 16 to 20 stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage that are connected by
dense
connective tissue - A flexible membrane closes the posterior surface of the trachea
- The fibroelastic membrane allows the trachea to
stretch and expand slightly during inhalation and exhalation, whereas the rings of
cartilage provide structural support and prevent the trachea from collapsing
Gas exchange occurs where?
in the respiratory zone, which includes the alveoli
Alveoli:
- Alveolus is one of the many small, grape-like sacs that are attached to the alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sac is responsible for gas exchange
- Surfactant reduces the surface tension of the alveoli
sympathetic nervous system causes
bronchodilation
parasympathetic nervous system causes
bronchoconstriction
The amount of air that remains in the lung after a normal tidal expiration; it is the sum of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume
Functional residual capacity
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled past a normal tidal expiration, is the sum of the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory capacity
The sum of all of the lung volumes (TV, ERV, IRV, and RV), which represents the total amount of air a person can hold in the lungs after a forceful inhalation. TLC is about 6000 mL air for men, and about 4200 mL for women
Total lung capacity
The amount of air a person can move into or out of his or her lungs, and is the sum of all of the volumes except residual volume (TV, ERV, and IRV), which is between 4000 and 5000 milliliters
Vital capacity
The amount of air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing, which is about 500 milliliters
Tidal volume
The amount of air you can forcefully exhale past a normal tidal expiration, up to 1200 ml
Expiratory reserve volume
Produced by a deep inhalation, past a tidal inspiration, extra volume that can be brought into the lungs during a forced inspiration
Inspiratory reserve volume
The air left in the lungs if you exhale as much air as possible, makes breathing easier by preventing the alveoli from collapsing
Residual volume
What is true about the respiratory rate?
- It is the total number of breaths, or respiratory cycles, that occur each minute
- The respiratory control center is located in the medulla oblongata in the brain and the pontine
respiratory group - The control center responds primarily to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pH levels in the
blood - The normal rates are different according to age, but in different unhealthy conditions, the rates can change
Do different central and peripheral chemoreceptors detect oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to trigger breathing?
Yes
Does decreased/low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood cause low levels of hydrogen ions in the brain, leading to a decrease in the rate and depth of pulmonary ventilation, producing shallow, slow breathing?
Yes
In the blood, does a majority of oxygen bound by hemoglobin; when dissolved levels of oxygen drop, hemoglobin releases oxygen. Therefore, a large drop in oxygen levels is required to stimulate the chemoreceptors of the aortic arch and carotid arteries?
Yes
Ratio ventilation/perfusion:
- High ventilation/perfusion develops when ventilation exceeds perfusion
- Causes of the mismatch in answer a includes pulmonary blood flow obstruction, like embolism,
or obstruction by tumor, and/or radiation therapy, cardiovascular shock, emphysema - Low ventilation/perfusion develops when perfusion exceeds ventilation
- The cause for answer c include pulmonary infections such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema,
acute respiratory distress syndrome, alveolar collapse, asthma
Gas exchange functions:
- The actual exchange of gases takes place due to simple diffusion
- Energy is not required to move oxygen or carbon dioxide across membranes
- The gasses follow pressure gradients that allow them to diffuse
In the lungs, most of the oxygen is picked up by:
erythrocytes and binds to hemoglobin
Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in the erythrocyte, in the form of:
oxyhemoglobin
Heme portion of the hemoglobin contains:
iron
One hemoglobin molecule contains:
four iron-containing heme molecules
Attachment of each molecule of oxygen, accelerates attachment of next molecule of:
oxygen
In a healthy individual with normal hemoglobin levels, hemoglobin saturation generally ranges from:
95% to 99%
Factors that affect oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation process include:
- Partial pressure
- Hormones like androgens, epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and growth hormone
- Temperature
- pH
Carbon dioxide is transported by:
- Dissolved in plasma
- In the form of bicarbonate, HCO3, also dissolved in plasma
- By erythrocytes, such as like oxygen, in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
In high altitudes where the oxygen levels are low, the kidneys secrete erythropoietin hormone that triggers the bone marrow to produce more:
erythrocytes
Some causes of respiratory alkalosis include:
panic attacks with hyperventilation, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, and salicylate intoxication
Interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic system to become:
lymph fluid
Lymphatic system:
- Lymph is forced through the vessels by the movements of the body, the contraction of skeletal
muscles during body movements, and breathing - One-way valves in lymphatic vessels keep the lymph moving towards the heart
- Lymph travels through the lymphatic nodes, which are commonly found near the groin, armpits,
neck, chest and abdomen
The central nervous system, bone marrow, bones, teeth, and the cornea of the eye do not contain:
lymph vessels
The cells of the blood, including all those involved in the immune response, arise in the:
bone marrow
What cells are present throughout adulthood and allow for the continuous differentiation of blood cells to replace those lost to age or function?
Hematopoietic stem cells
What takes part in cell-mediated immunity?
T cells
What takes participant in the innate immune response, circulating blood cell that contains cytotoxic granules?
natural killer cells
What produces antibodies?
B cells
The primary lymphoid organs are:
Bone marrow and thymus
What is not a barrier defense structure?
Phagocytes
Is IgM (the largest of the antibody molecules) usually the first antibody made during a primary response?
Yes
What is a major antibody of late primary responses and the main antibody of secondary responses in the blood?
IgG
What is in exocrine gland secretions of the mucous membranes, including mucus, saliva, and tears?
IgA
What is usually associated with allergies and anaphylaxis?
IgE
What is the resistance to pathogens acquired during an adaptive immune response within an individual?
Active immunity
What occurs in response to a pathogen, for example after getting sick with measles?
Naturally acquired active immunity
What is a killed or weakened pathogen or its components that, when administered to a healthy individual, leads to the development of immunological memory?
vaccine
What is a transfer of antibodies to an individual without requiring them to mount their own active immune response?
passive immunity
When B cells get activated and produce antibodies, are they are called plasma cells, and after a specific period, they die?
Yes
Do B memory cells result from the clonal expansion of an activated B cell?
Yes
