AP 3 Flashcards
Which kidney is positioned higher in the abdominal cavity?
Left
Regulatory function of the kidneys:
- Regulates the volume of the blood
- Chemical makeup of the blood
- Water and salt balance
- Acids and base balance
kidney functions:
- Production of Renin to regulate blood pressure
- Production of erythropoietin for stimulation of red blood cell production by the bone marrow
- Deactivation of the vitamin D
What transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
The ureters
What provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine?
Bladder
What transports urine from the bladder out of the body?
Urethra
Kidneys lie in a retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region, extending from ___ to ___?
T12 to L3
Why is the right kidney is lower than the left?
b/c the position of the liver, which is larger on the right side of the body and pushes the right kidney downward.
At which place, the ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter/ exit ?
Hilus
Cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the body wall___
Adipose capsule
Anchors the kidney__
Renal fascia
Prevents kidney infection__
Renal capsule
The urine is created in the nephrons and through the canalicullae of the medulla, taken to the:
renal pelvis
Infection of the renal pelvis and calyces__
Pyelitis
Infection/inflammation of entire kidney__
Pyelonephritis
Afferent arteriole enters the glomerulus, efferent arteriole exits the ___
glomerulus
Structural units of the kidney:
Nephrons
Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney that form:
filtrate
There are approximately ____ in each kidney.
1 million nephrons
Most of the nephrons are located in the:
cortex (specifically, cortical nephrons)
The visceral (internal) layer of glomerular capsule consists of modified, branching epithelial
podocytes terminating in foot processes, through openings of which the filtrate passes into____
the capsular space
Involved mainly in reabsorption__
Proximal convoluted tubule
Involved more with secretion than reabsorption__
Distal convoluted tubule
Collect the final urine__
Collecting tubule & Collecting ducts
Involved in facultative water reabsorption, affected by alcohol, ADH, Aldosterone, pharmaceuticals__
Collecting tubule & Collecting ducts
The loops of juxtamedullary nephrons are in the ___
medulla
Due to the high resistance in efferent and afferent arterioles and high resistance to blood flow in the glomerulus, the ____takes place
blood filtration
Granular cells of juxtaglomerular system produce renin, which activates the angiotensinogen system to angiotensin and constricts the arteries, increasing the ____
blood pressure
In the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, there are ___ & ___
osmoreceptors and chemoreceptors
The filtrate contains:
water, nutrients, essential ions, urine, metabolic wastes and unneeded substances
Glomerular filtration rate is the total amount of filtrate formed
per minute by the kidneys
Factors governing filtration rate at the capillary bed include:
- Total surface area available for filtration
- Filtration membrane permeability
- Net filtration pressure
Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and stimulating aldosterone release, which promotes sodium and water retention, raising ___
blood pressure
During reabsorption, the water and ions of Calcium (Ca), Magnesium(Mg), Potassium(K) and
some Sodium(Na), return back into blood via ___ & ____
active and passive transport
Water and ion reabsorption is ____ controlled
hormonally
____ of filtered glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream under normal conditions (in the proximal convoluted tubule)
100%
The kidney’s nephrons can clean the blood of an average adult in____
30 minutes
Sodium reabsorption is mostly an active process, meaning it requires the___
Na/K pump
Obligatory water reabsorption means that ____
water follows the Sodium
Lipid-soluble substances diffuse by the _____
transcellular route
Nearly all substances need carriers to go through the ____during reabsorption
cell walls
When the carriers are _____, excess of that substance is ____ (i.e., in Diabetes)
saturated; excreted
What are the substances get reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubules?
- Sodium, all nutrients, cations, anions, and water
- Urea and lipid-soluble solutes
- Small proteins
Distal convoluted tubules reabsorb:
- Calcium2+, Na+, H+, K+
- Water
- HCO3- and Cl-
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) _____ urine production
increases by promoting natriuresis (sodium excretion)
Urine formation processes involve:
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion
Tubular secretion is important for:
- Disposing of substances not already on the filtrate
- Eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid
- Ridding the body of excess potassium ions
- Controlling blood pH
Osmolarity reflects the number of solute particles dissolved in 1L of water and reflects the ____
solution’s ability to cause osmosis
The body fluids are measured in ____
milliosmols (mOsm)
The kidneys keep the solute load of body fluids constant at ____
about 300 mOsm
Antidiuretic hormone assures that all needed water stays in the blood through inhibiting diuresis, making sure that ______
99% of water in filtrate is reabsorbed
Diuretics are chemicals that _____ the urinary output
increase
Which chemicals have diuretic properties?
-any substance not reabsorbed
- substances that exceed the ability of the renal tubules to reabsorb it
- substances that inhibit Na+ reabsorption
Carries water out with the glucose__
high glucose levels
Inhibits the release of ADH__
alcohol
Inhibits sodium ion reabsorption__
Caffeine and most diuretic drugs
What is the volume of the plasma that is cleared of a particular substance in a given time
Renal clearance
Renal tests are used to determine the___
GFR
With _______ we detect glomerular damage
renal clearance
The normal range of GFR for Males are ____than for females
more
The_____ helps to follow the progress of diagnosed renal disease
renal clearance
For renal clearance, usually is used the clearance of ___
creatinine
______ is a pigment, a product of breakdown of hemoglobin
Urochrome
Can drugs, vitamins supplements, diet can change the color of the urine?
Yes
Urine pH is slightly ____
acidic
Specific gravity of healthy urine ranges from____- ___
1.001 to 1.035
The specific gravity is dependent on _____
solvent concentration
What is not a normal constituent of urine?
iodine
Reflects blood plasma pH__
pH
Infection__
WBC #
Pregnancy__
Hormone hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
DM (Diabetes Mellitus)__
glucose found in urine
Hematuria__
RBC #
Increased in kidney disease__
Protein (albumin) found in urine
Increased in starvation, DM, alcoholics__
ketones found in urine
Kidney disease___
High specific gravity
Absent ADH___
Low specific gravity
Dehydration___
High specific gravity
Water intoxication___
low specific gravity
Is it normal to have a trace of hematuria?
yes
The ureters enter the bladder at an angle, which helps prevent urine from flowing back into the ureters, effectively helping to _____in the ____.
hold urine; bladder
The bladder’s muscle is called___
Detrusor
Detrusor muscle is under ______control
involuntary (controlled by ANS)
External sphincter surrounding urethra is under _____ control
voluntary
Creatinine clearance is commonly used to estimate _______, but creatinine is not easily absorbed or secreted by the kidneys; it is primarily excreted in urine.
glomerular filtration rate (GFR);
Does the distention of the wall of the urinary bladder to a certain level triggers the nerves that pass information to the brain about the need to empty the bladder?
Yes
Since the urethra in females is short, and the urethral opening is close to the vaginal and anal openings, it is common for females, compared to males, to have frequent ____
UTI
Usual symptoms in nephrolithiasis (kidney stone)?
Dysuria
Nausea/vomiting
Flank pain
Hematuria
Water is present inside the cells, in the space between:
the cells
in the blood
lymph
cerebrospinal fluid
eye humors
synovial fluid
serous fluid
gastrointestinal secretions
Inorganic salts, all acids and bases, some proteins___
Electrolytes
Glucose, lipids, creatinine, urea___
Non-electrolytes
Have greater osmotic power ___
Electrolytes
In the body, does the water moves according to osmotic gradients?
Yes
Plasma has higher content of _____ than other extracellular fluids
protein
In intracellular fluids the ____ is the chief cation
potassium
In the intracellular fluids the _____ is the chief anion
phosphate
The sodium and potassium concentrations in the fluids are nearly______, which reflects the activity of _______
opposite; cellular ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pumps
Compartmental exchange of electrolytes in regulated by ____ & _____
osmotic and hydrostatic pressures
If fluids leak from the blood, they are returned back through _____
lymphatic system
The cellular membranes have_____
selective permeability
Water sources for a human are:
Ingested fluid
Fluid in solids
Metabolic water
The body loses water through:
urine
feces
sweat
Which factor triggers hypothalamic thirst center?
Decline in plasma volume
Increase in plasma osmolarity
Which factors inhibit the thirst center after drinking water?
- Moistening of the mucosa of mouth and throat
- Activation of stomach stretch receptors
- Activation of intestinal stretch receptor
Factors that specifically trigger ADH release:
Vomiting or diarrhea
Severe blood loss
Traumatic burns
Hemorrhage, severe burns, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, and diuretic abuse can lead to:
dehydration
Severe dehydration can lead to _____
hypovolemic shock
Dehydration may lead to loss of ____
proteins
In hyponatremia, there is less sodium in the plasma, which leads to____
- Moving water into the cells
- Swelling of the tissue cells
- Possible rupture of the cells
The treatment of Hyponatremia is use of:
Hypertonic saline
Factors that accelerate fluid loss include:
Increased blood pressure, capillary permeability
