AP 1 Flashcards
The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world?
Homeostasis
The system in which the output shuts off the original stimulus and causes a variable to change in the opposite direction of the initial change?
Negative Feedback
The regional term for the head, neck, and trunk?
Axial
The lining that covers internal organs?
Visceral Serosa
The system in which the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that results proceed in the same direction as the initial change?
Positive Feedback
The total of all chemical reactions that occur in the body?
Metabolism
The basic structural and functional unit of life?
Cell
One of the necessary components for integrity of the cell plasma membrane?
Cholesterol
Used to create/provide energy for active transport across the cell membrane?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Describes the structural arrangement of the cell membrane?
Bilayer of phospholipids w/ embedded proteins
Body system that picks up “leaked’ fluids from blood vessels?
Lymphatic
Gene-containing control center of the cell?
Nucleus
Membranous sacs that contain a liquid or solid material?
Vesicles
Organelles that digest bacteria, viruses, toxins, degrade nonfunctional organelles?
Lysosomes
Organelle that functions in the modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins?
Golgi apparatus
Organelles that organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis, form the bases of cilia and flagella?
Centrioles
Division of body cells?
Mitosis
Programmed cell death?
Apoptosis
Epithelial tissue that stretches to permit distension of the urinary bladder?
Transitional epithelium
Example of a unicellular gland?
Goblet Cells
Ductless glands that produce hormones?
Endocrine Glands
Glands that secrete their products onto body surfaces?
Exocrine Glands
Organelle that meets the energy demands of the cell
Mitochondria
Connective tissue that forms a fiber network, like a soft internal skeleton to support other cell types, and is found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, the spleen?
Reticular
Assessment of burns?
Rule of Nines
Secondary lesion from scratching?
Excoriation
Proper term for “bruising”?
Ecchymosis
Second layer of skin?
Dermis
Layer of the epidermis found only in thick skin like the soles of the feet?
Stratum Lucidum
Fine, downy hair covering the skin of a fetus or newborn?
Lanugo
Muscles responsible for raised hairs, “goosebumps”?
Arrector Pili
Ceruminous glands secrete?
Ear wax
Glands that become active at puberty?
Apocrine
Spinal curvature that develops when infant learns to walk?
Cervical Spine
Inner gelatinous portion of a vertebral disc?
Nucleus Pulposus
Growth in bone length?
Interstitial
Central canal of an osteon, containing blood vessel?
Haversian
Soft, weakened bones in children due to inadequate mineralization?
Rickets
Double-layered protective membrane that covers bone?
Periosteum
A sesamoid bone?
Patella + Pisiform
Growth in bone thickness?
Appositional
Spongy bone?
Trabeculae
Osteoporosis
Group of diseases in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition
Osteopenia
Reduced bone density as seen on imaging
Osteon
Structural unit of compact bone
Immovable articulation/joint
Synarthroses
Slightly moveable joint/articulation
Amphiarthroses
Freely moveable joint/articulation
Diarthroses
Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes, containing synovial fluid?
Bursae
Movement in which angle of a joint is increased?
Extension
Movement away from the midline?
Abduction
Movement toward the midline?
Adduction
Movement of the foot upward?
Dorsiflexion
Movement of the foot inward?
Inversion
Type of joint in which movement is along a plane only, such as the elbow?
Hinge
Most of a cell’s energy in the form of ATP via aerobic cellular respiration is produced by the?
Mitochondria
What is NOT a function of connective tissue?
vitamin D synthesis
*It does function to: bind, support, protect
The two bones of the forearm/antebrachium are?
radius and ulna
The outermost layer of the epidermis?
Stratum Corneum
Touch receptors found in the dermal papillae are called?
Meissner’s corpuscles
Carpal bones are examples of?
Short Bones
What is responsible for the brown color of skin?
melanin
A bone that articulates with all the other cranial bones?
Sphenoid Bone
Manufactures all secreted proteins of a cell?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Are mitochondria responsible for destroying damaged organelles in the cell?
No, the organelle that does this are lysosomes.
Mitochondria generate energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
Is flexion a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint?
Yes, it typically brings two body parts closer together.
E.g. bending your elbow or knee reduces the angle between the bones at those joints.
The study of body parts and their relationship to one another is the study of?
Anatomy
Is the principle of complementarity the term that refers to the fact that function always reflects structure, and what a structure can do depends on its specific form?
Yes
What is the correct order in the levels of structural organization of the body?
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
What system is the main site of blood cell formation in adults?
Skeletal
This directional term means that you are moving closer to the origin of a body part
Proximal
Which directional term means that you are moving toward the head?
Cranial
The sagittal plane divides the body into?
right and left parts
The heart is found in which body cavity
pericardial
Is a tight junction is an impermeable junction that encircles the cell?
Yes
A cell that has a lower solute concentration than its environment is said to be in what type of solution?
Hypertonic solution
The general term for moving substances into the cell?
Endocytosis
Which organelle is the gene-containing control center of the cell?
Nucleus
If a cell lacked ribosomes, it would not be able to?
Synthesize proteins
The metabolic or growth phase of a cell is called
Interphase
The type of epithelial tissue that stretches to permit distention of the urinary bladder is?
Transitional
What describes reticular connective tissue?
forms a soft internal skeleton, or stroma, that supports other cell types; found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, the spleen
The most common cells found in connective tissue proper are?
Fibroblasts
Connective tissue in which parallel collagen fibers withstand tension in one direction, found in tendons and ligaments?
Dense regular
Does the integumentary system helps in regulating body temperature?
Yes
What cells types are the most abundant cells in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes
What are types of exocrine gland?
Sweat gland, oil gland, salivary gland
The deepest layer of the epidermis, which is firmly attached to the dermis, is the?
Stratum Basale
Hair is composed of?
Dead Keratinized cells
What is a chemical barrier created by the skin’s low pH secretions?
acid mantle
Related to the assessment of melanoma?
ABCDE
Is bone resorption accomplished by osteoclasts?
Yes
The bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage make up the ______________ skeleton.
Axial
Sharpey’s fibers function to:
secure the periosteum to underlying bone
What is an example of a bone projection that serves as a site for the attachment of ligaments and muscles?
Tuberosity
The area of the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland is the?
Sella Turnica
The foramen magnum is found in which bone?
Occipital
How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the human spine?
12
The tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones is the?
Diaphysis
Mandible is:
- largest, strongest bone of the face
- articulates with the temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint
- lower jawbone
examples of flat bones?
sternum and scapula
In endochondral ossification, do bone forms as it replaces hyaline cartilage?
Yes
The nucleus pulposus is the?
inner gelatinous portion of a vertebral disc
Humerus is?
bone of brachium
Which pairs of ribs are true, vertebrosternal ribs?
ribs 1-7
The pectoral girdle consists of which bones?
the anterior clavicles and posterior scapulae
Differences between the male and female pelvis include:
- a broad, shallow pelvic cavity in women; a more narrow and deep pelvic cavity in men
- a more forward tilted pelvis in women
- bone thickness is greater in men than in women
The medial malleolus is a feature of which bone?
Tibia
The bones of the wrist are the
carpal bones
Two bones of the lower leg:
tibia and fibula
example of a synovial joint?
knee
Which feature(s) is (are) common to synovial joints?
- joint cavity
- reinforcing ligaments
- articular hyaline cartilage
Examples of Carpal Bones:
- scaphoid
- lunate
-hamate
*NOT calcaneous
Example of tarsal bone?
- lateral, medial, intermediate cuneiform
- cuboid
-navicular
*NOT triquetral
Do smooth muscle cells have T-Tubules?
No
The connective tissue investment found around each muscle fiber?
Endomysium
Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow, visceral organs, such as the stomach?
Smooth
Which protein is most closely associated with thin filaments?
Actin
A discrete bundle of muscle cells is?
Fascicle
Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?
- its contractions occur all at one time
- it is found only in the heart
- striated
*NOT under conscious (voluntary) control
Smooth muscle functions:
- regulates organ volumes
- propels substances through the body
- helps to maintain blood pressure
When skeletal muscle intracellular calcium ion concentrations is low,
a relaxed state of muscle is enforced
T-tubules function in muscle cells to?
allow action potentials to penetrate quickly into the cell interior
The contractile unit of skeletal muscle tissue is?
sarcomere
Intracellular calcium levels in muscle cells is regulated by the?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Thick myofilaments are composed of which protein?
myosin
The neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction responsible for exciting the skeletal muscle fiber is?
acetylcholine
oxygen binding/carrying pigment in muscle
myoglobin
surrounds fascicles
perimysium
muscle cell cytoplasm
sarcoplasm
meeting of motor nerve axonal ending and muscle fiber
neuromuscular junction
muscle cell plasma membrane
sarcolemma
surrounds entire muscle organ
epimysium
Does fast glycolytic muscle fibers contain relatively high amounts of glycogen?
Yes
An isometric contraction is?
when muscle tension increases, but the length of the muscle does not change
The two types of isotonic contractions are?
concentric and eccentric
What constitutes a motor unit?
a lower motor neuron and the muscle fibers it supplies
According to the size principle in the muscle recruitment process, what is correct?
motor units with the smallest muscle fibers are activated first
Which type of skeletal muscle fibers are the most fatigue resistant?
slow oxidative
Which type of skeletal muscle fibers are engaged primarily for short-term intense or powerful movements, such as hitting a baseball?
Fast glycolytic
What is a true of aerobic exercise?
- increases the amount of myoglobin synthesized by muscle fiber
- increases the number of mitochondria within muscle fibers
- increases the number of capillaries surround muscle fibers
*does NOT promotes significant skeletal muscle hypertrophy
The muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific joint movement is called the ______________, while the muscle that opposes a specific joint movement is called the _________________.
prime mover (or agonist) ; antagonist
A muscle twitch is defined as?
the response of a muscle to a single, brief threshold stimulus
An action that provides an example of a “third class lever” in the body would be?
flexing the biceps to lift a hand weight
Is the stimulus at which first observable muscle contraction occurs is the threshold stimulus?
Yes
Creatine phosphate is?
a nitrogenous organic acid stored in muscles; it supplies a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP
The muscle which compresses the cheek, is responsible for whistling and sucking, and is highly developed in nursing infants is the?
Buccinator
The muscles of mastication work to?
move the mandible for chewing and speech
The muscle the elevates and protracts the mandible, and is the strongest muscle of the jaw, is the?
masseter
Which group of muscles serve to anchor and move the tongue?
genioglossus, styloglossus, hypoglossus
The “anterior triangle” of the neck houses what?
common carotid artery & internal jugular vein
Which muscle group is the prime mover of back extension?
erector spinae
What are the muscles of the erector spinae muscle group?
spinalis
iliocostalis
longissimus
*NOT latissimus dorsi
The structure which connects the vertebrae of both the neck and back, provides protection to the neural elements of the spine, and provides stability by preventing excess motion between the vertebrae is the?
ligamentum flavum
The Facial Nerve (CN VII) innervates which of the following muscles:
orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus, levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris
What muscle is a main flexor of the head when both muscles contract, and laterally rotates the head to one side only when only one of the muscles contracts?
sternocleidomastoid
Does the scm and the scalene muscles serve to act as accessory muscles of inspiration when additional power is needed, or in cases of airway/lung pathologies such as COPD?
Yes
The internal and external oblique muscles serve to
flex the vertebral column, compress abdominal contents, aid muscles of the back in rotating the trunk and flexing laterally
The masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid are all innervated by which cranial nerve?
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Does the diaphragm contracted voluntarily to increase pressure in the abdominal cavity?
Yes
When it contracts during inspiration, the diaphragm moves inferiorly and flattens?
Yes
Does the phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Yes
The band of connective tissue running from the xyphoid process to the symphysis pubis that serves as an attachment for some abdominal muscles is the?
Linea alba
Is the sartorius muscle called the tailor’s muscle because it allows for flexion of the leg, abduction and lateral rotation of the thigh for cross-legged sitting?
Yes
Does fast glycolytic muscle fibers contain relatively high amounts of glycogen?
Yes
The rotator cuff muscle group includes which muscles?
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
The levator scapula does what?
elevates the scapula
The trapezius is innervated by the:
accessory nerve
The rhomboid major does what?
raises and adducts the scapula
Which muscle extends the forearm at the elbow?
triceps brachii
Which of the following flexes the arm at the elbow?
brachialis
Gluteus maximus does what?
- it functions to extend the thigh, helps to straighten the lower limb at the hip when a person runs, walks or climbs
- it is the largest muscle in the body
- it is activated when moving from a sitting to a standing position
The psoas major and the ilacus (iliopsoas) are what?
are the primary flexors of the thigh
Which muscles are responsible for plantar flexion of the foot?
gastrocnemius, soleus
The extensors pollicis longus and pollicis brevis form an area known as the ?
anatomical snuffbox
A “strain” is ?
torn muscle fibers
What movement is associated with the trapezius muscle?
Shoulder shrug
The biceps femoris is one of the muscles in of which group of muscles?
hamstrings
