Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychopathology PSYC 340 > Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

anxiety

A

response to perceived or anticipated threat (vs actual immediate threat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anxiety: physiological symptoms

A
  • racing heart
  • difficulty breathing
  • GI distress
  • sweating
  • tense muscles
  • trembling/shaking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

anxiety: cognitive symptoms

A
  • anticipate harm
  • worry
  • exaggerate danger
  • difficulty concentrating
  • hypervigilance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

anxiety: behavioural symptoms

A
  • avoidance
  • escape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

fight or flight

A
  • when our brain detects danger, it sends a signal to mobilize our body to prepare
  • sympathetic nervous system activates the body for fight or flight
  • necessary for survival, adaptive
  • can be helpful, prepares or motivates us
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

prevalence of anxiety disorders

A
  • 18-29 years old = 41%
  • 30-44 years old = 36%
  • 45-49 years old = 31%
  • 60 years old or more = 16%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

etiology of anxiety: biological

A
  • overactive fear circuitry in brain
  • 5-HTTLPR genotype variations
  • neurotransmitter abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

etiology of anxiety: fear circuitry in brain

A
  • brain structures implied in anxiety disorders
  • amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex
  • HPA activity triggers “fight or flight” response
  • overactivation may lead to anxiety disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

etiology of anxiety: genetic influences

A

-moderate heritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

etiology of anxiety: neurotransmitter abnormality

A
  • variation in serotonin transporter genes associated with reduction in serotonin
  • increased anxiety-related B
  • behaviorally inhibited temperament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

etiology of anxiety: behavioral

A
  • classical conditioning
  • modelling of feared responses
  • avoidance
  • safety behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

avoidance

A
  • can reduce anxiety in the moment
  • operant conditioning - negative reinforcement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

safety behaviours

A
  • overt/covert actions performed in order to reduce distress associated with feared cues
  • they maintain anxiety (reinforced because it works in the moment)
  • prevents the learning of new info about the consequences of the feared event
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

etiology of anxiety: cognitive

A
  • negative appraisals
  • overestimation of severity (catastrophizing)
  • being able to reappraisal, or look at a situation from various perspectives minimizes negative responses
  • limited sense of self-controland mastery
  • biased info processing and selective attention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

anxiety sensitivity

A
  • tendency to interpret physiological changes in the body as signs of danger
  • predicts development of panic attacks and anxiety disorders
  • refer to schema in notebook
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

biased info processing and selective attention entails _____

A
  • increased attention toward threat
  • more quickly to notice feared cues, even at low levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

etiology of anxiety: social and sociocultural factors

A
  • poverty
  • sex and gender
  • culture
  • exposure to discrimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

anxiety disorders

A
  • seperation anxiety disorder
  • selective mutism
  • specific phobia
  • social anxiety disorder
  • panic disorder
  • agoraphobia
  • generalized anxiety disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

phobia vs fear

A

phobia is …
- strong, persistent unwarranted fear of specific object or situation
- more intense
- the greater desire to avoid
- distress that interferes with functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DSM-5 criteria for specific phobia

A
  1. marked fear/anxiety about a specific object/situation
  2. phobic object/situation almost always provokes immediate fear/anxiety
  3. phobic object/situation is actively avoided or endured with intense fear/anxiety
  4. fear is out of proportion to actual danger
    - lasting 6 months +
    -causes significant distress or impairment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

common phobias

A
  • animals
  • natural envrionments
  • situations
  • blood-injection-injury
    -other (clown, choking, vomit)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

prevalence and course of specific phobia

A
  • lifetime prevalence = 12.5%
  • onset childhood and early adolescence
  • 2x more common in women
  • specific fear can vary across cultures
  • only 8% receive treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

etiology of phobias: biological view

A
  • genetic contribution
  • overactivation of amygdala and HPA axis
  • preparedness theory
24
Q

preparedness theory

A

easier for humans to develop fears to which we are physiologically predisposed to

25
Q

etiology of phobias: behavioural

A
  1. development
    - classical conditioning
  2. maintenance
    - operant conditioning
26
Q

treatment for phobias

A

exposure therapy
1. remove avoidance
- exposure to the feared situation
- takes away negative reinforcement for avoidance
2. relearn conditioned fear responses
- learn to pair relaxed responses with feared stimulus
- systemic desensitization
- exposure techniques with relaxation

27
Q

treatment for phobias: format

A

in-vivo
- exposure to real feared stimulus
- high drop out rate
virtual reality exposure

28
Q

treatment for phobias: pace

A

gradual
- development fear hierarchy and start with moderately feared stimulus
flooding
- exposure at full intensity

29
Q

DSM-5 criteria for social anxiety disorder

A
  1. marked fear/anxiety about 1+ social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others
  2. fears that they will act in a way or show anxiety symptoms that they will be negatively evaluated
  3. social situations are avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety
  4. fear or anxiety is out of proportion to actual threat
    - last 6 months or more
    - causes significant distress or impairment
30
Q

prevalence and course of SAD

A
  • lifetime prevalence = 12.1%
  • onset adolescence
  • 2x more common in women
31
Q

etiology for SAD: biological

A
  • genetics
  • chronic activation of the HPA axis
  • fear circuit preparedness
32
Q

etiology for SAD: cognitive

A
  • unrealistically high social, perfectionist standards
  • interpret ambiguous social situations as negative
  • views of themselves as unattractive and socially unskilled
    -hypervigilant for early cues of disapproval fromothers
  • hypervigilant of own B (self-focused attention)
  • overestimate how poorly they performed in social situations
33
Q

etiology for SAD: social

A

parental Bs influence dev of social anxiety in children
- overprotective
- lack of support for independence
- punitive parenting
victimization by peers during childhood
- ongoing ostracism and bullying maintain and exacerbate social anxiety

34
Q

etiology of SAD: sociocultural

A
  • more common in collectivist cultures (individual B seen to reflect on entire family or group)
  • practice of using shame to influence Bs
  • strong sense of personal responsibility for social Bs or threat of being ostracized for deviations from social norms
35
Q

treatment for SAD: meds

A
  • not usually primary treatmnet for all anxiety disorder
  • prevents experience of anxiety and learning new info about anxiety
  • SSRIs (usually combined with CBT)
    1. preventing or reducing panic attacks
    2. reducing social anxiety
    3. reducing general anxiety
36
Q

DSM-5 criteria for panic disorder

A
  1. recurrent unexpected/uncued panic attacks
  2. at least 1 of following for 1 month after apanic attack
    - persistent concern and worry about additional panic attacks or their consequences
    - a significant maladaptive change in B related to attacks
37
Q

panic attack symptoms

A
  • reaches a peak within 10 minutes
  • at least 4 symptoms
    1. palpitations, pounding heart, accelerated heart rate
    2. sweating
    3. trembling, shaking
    4. sensations of shortness of breath
    5. feelings of choking
    6. chest pain or discomfort
    7. nausea or abdominal distress
    8. feeling dizzy, unsteady, light-headed
    9. chills or heat sensations
    10. paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
    11. derealization or depersonalization
    12. fear of losing control or going crazy
    13. fear of dying
38
Q

prevalence and course of panic disorder

A
  • lifetime prevalence= 4.7%
  • isolated panic attacks = 22.7%
  • 2x more prevalent in women
  • may be a marker of severe psychopathology
  • safety B
  • often accompanied by agoraphobia
39
Q

typical safety behaviours for panic disorder

A
  • reassurance seeking from doctor (many ER visits)
  • medication
  • sitting close to an exit
40
Q

DSM-5 criteria for agoraphobia

A
  • last 6 months or more
  • causes significant impairment or distress
  • fear is out of proportion to actual danger
  • marked fear/anxiety about 2+ situations
    1. using public transport
    2. being in open spaces
    3. being in enclosed spaces
    4. standing in line/being in a crowd
    5. being outside of the home alone
41
Q

prevalence for agoraphobia

A

lifetime prevalence = 1.3%

42
Q

etiology for panic: biological

A
  • fewer GABA and serotonin receptors among individuals with panic disorders
  • hypersensitivity in the neural network associated with respiratory and carbon dioxide regulation
  • modest heritability
43
Q

etiology for panic: psychological

A

anxiety sensitivity
1. catastrophic misinterpretations of benign bodily sensations
- racing heart = heart attack
2. inaccurate cognitions and symptoms create feedback loop that increases anxiety
- refer to schema in notebookoninternal and external stressor loop

44
Q

treatment for panic

A
  • exposure therapy (specifically interoceptive exposure)
  • CBT
45
Q

treatment for panic: exposure therapy

A

induce physiological symptoms of panic to extinguish the conditioning

46
Q

treatment for panic: CBT

A
  • includes exposure exercises
  • identify and correct catastrophic thinking about bodily sensations
47
Q

DSM-5 criteria for generalized anxiety disorder

A
  • excessive worry/anxiety about lots of things
  • difficult to control the worry
  • lasts at least 6 months or more
  • causes significant distress or impairment
  • at least 3 of the following symptoms
    1. restlessness or feeling keyed up/on edge
    2. easily fatigued
    3. difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
    4. irritability
    5. muscle tension
    6. sleep disturbance
48
Q

prevalence of GAD

A
  • lifetime prevalence in adults = 5.7%
  • more common women than men
  • onset challenging to determine
  • typically do not seek treatment, because they report the worries help avoid catastrophes
49
Q

etiology of GAD: biological

A

GABA abnormalities (too few)

50
Q

etiology of GAD: psychological

A

behavioural
- worry as negative reinforcer
-avoidmore intense negative emotions or images
- positive beliefs about worries
cognitive
- intolerance of uncertainty

51
Q

treatment for GAD: CBT

A

-60% showed significant improvement that persisted for 12 months

52
Q

treatments for GAD: mindfulness-based CBT

A
  • become more open and accepting of anxious thoughts and feelings (instead of avoiding/trying to change thoughts)
    -teach client to remain non-judgemental in the presence of anxiety
53
Q

treatments for GAD: meds

A
  1. benzodiazepines
    - increase GABA
    - issues with dependence
    - meant for short term use
  2. antidepressants (SSRIs)
    - lower risk of dependence
54
Q

similarities across anxiety disorders

A
  • perceived threat or anticipation of future threat
    -impairment in functioning
  • avoidance maintains anxiety
  • symptoms
    1. physiological
    2. cognitive
    3. behavioural
55
Q

differences across anxiety disorders

A
  • sources of distress
  • content of thoughts
  • severity and duration
  • specific cognitive vulnerability for certain anxiety disorders
56
Q

common themes: comorbidities

A
  1. 50% of individuals with an anxiety disorder meet criteria for another anxiety disorder
    - symptom overlap
    - shared vulnerability
  2. 75% of those with anxiety disorder meet criteria for another psychiatric disorder
    - depression and SUD
  3. high rates of comorbidities with other medical conditions
57
Q

common themes: not seeking treatment

A
  • individuals are less likely to seek treatment relative to individuals with other disorders
  • lack of recognition of anxiety symptoms
  • negative reinforcement
  • comorbidity increases help-seeking

Psychopathology PSYC 340 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions