ANX Lect 1 - 5

Question 1

Anesthesia Triad

Answer 1

Unconsciousness, analgesia, immobility/muscle relaxation

Question 2

Blood tests→ indicated when

Answer 2

a physical exam suggests a problem. Very important in critically ill patients and recommended in older patients. Also breed specific (Doberman – coagulation)

Question 3

Anesthetic Risk

species- day- %

Answer 3

Horse (7 days) – 2.1%
Dog (48 hours) – 0.17%
Cat (48 hours) – 0.24%
Rabbit (2 days) – 1.39 %

Question 4

Mortality by species:

Answer 4

Horse> Rabbit> Cat> Dog> Man

Question 5

Anticholinergics: Atropine, Glycopyrrolate, Hyoscine

Answer 5

o Increase heart rate – prevents or treats drug induced bradycardia
o Reduce salivation – in the past needed with irritant anesthetic gases

Question 6

Acepromazine

Answer 6

Reduced cardiac sensitivity to epinephrine

Relative fall in PCV and thrombocytes

Mild antihistamine reaction

Question 7

Acepromazine contraindications

Answer 7

Patient has splenic tumor, DO NOT give ACE because spleen could explode (causes splenic engorgement)

Causes priapism in stallions

Question 8

Diazepam

Answer 8

water insoluble

Reacts with light, other drugs, and plastic so cant administer CRI or store in syringes

Question 9

Midazolam

Answer 9

water soluble, can administer as CRI

Shorter acting than diazepam.

Question 10

Alpha Adrenergic Receptor Selectivity

Answer 10

Xylazine < Detomidine< Romifidine < Medetomidine < Dexmedetomidine

Question 11

Alpha 2 agonist causes a fall in cardiac output and causes

Answer 11

bradyarrhythmias

Question 12

Detomidine

Answer 12

licensed for horses and cattle

Not hypnotic, horses stand after massive doses

Interacts with potentiated sulphonamides and cause arrhythmias

Question 13

Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine

Answer 13

most potent, caused marked bradycardia

Question 14

gold standard for analgesia

Answer 14

Opioids

Question 15

receptor provides most analgesia

Answer 15

Mu opioid

Question 16

Full mu agonist 
         vs
Partial Agonist
         vs 
Antagonist

Answer 16

Full mu agonist = MAX effect

Partial Agonist = ceiling effect

Antagonist = no effect

Question 17

Which drug is a partial agonist at the mu receptor

Answer 17

Buprenorphine

Question 18

Which drug(s) - Antagonists at the mu receptor

Answer 18

naloxone, naltrexone, diprenorphine

Question 19

Emetics

Answer 19

Morphine, Hydromorphone, Oxymorphone

Question 20

Fentanyl patches

Answer 20

variable time to onset, variable plasma concentration, unreliable, poor alternative to opioid CRI, potential for abuse, BUT have a long duration and useful in practice!

Question 21

Remifentanyl

Answer 21

rapid onset/ short acting, unique metabolism by plasma esterases – so can give to liver failure patients.

Question 22

Neuroleptic + opioid

Answer 22

Neuroleptoanalgesia

Question 23

Methadone

Answer 23

additional analgesic mechanism, NMDA antagonism