Antivirals and Vaccines

Question 1

what are used for potential viral targeting (4)

Answer 1

1. Fusion inhibitors
2. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
3. Nucleoside analogues
4. Maturation inhibitors

Question 2

How do we target fusion (4)

Answer 2

1. HIV fusion inhibitors
2. HIV gp120 binds to CD4+
3. gp41 fuses envelope with membrane
4. Fusion h=inhibitor binds to gp41

Question 3

How do we target reverse transcription (2)

Answer 3

1. Nucleoside analogues, thymidine & cytidine
2. Non-nucleoside RT inhibitors

Question 4

How do we target integration (2)

Answer 4

1. Antiretroviral activity
2. Integrase inhibitors

Question 5

How do we target replication (2)

Answer 5

1. Nucleoside inhibitors
2. Integrase inhibitors

Question 6

How do we target budding (2)

Answer 6

1. Influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors
2. neuraminidase on influenza virion surface required for budding from the host cell

Question 7

How do we target maturation (2)

Answer 7

1. Protease inhibitors
2. cleavage from protease required to form mature virions

Question 8

How do we achieve anti-HIV therapy (6)

Answer 8

1. CCR5 receptor agonists
2. Fusion inhibitors
3. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
4. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
5. integrase inhibitors
6. protease inhibitors

Question 9

What are NAART/CART/ART (3)

Answer 9

1. Highly active anti-retroviral therapy
2. Combination of three drugs
3. Prevents antiviral resistance

Question 10

What is innate immunity (2)

Answer 10

1. Inborn immunity
2. Response does not change on re-exposure

Question 11

What is adaptive immunity (4)

Answer 11

1. Body tries to cover all possible antigen sequences
2. response changes/adapts
3. primary & secondary response
4. Immunisation via vaccines, taking advantage of adaptive immunity.

Question 12

What is small pox (4)

Answer 12

1. two forms of the disease
2. variola major - deadly
3. variola minor - leaves scarring
4. variolation - inculation with variola minor

Question 13

What are the types of vaccines (5)

Answer 13

1. Live attenuated
2. inactivated/killed
3. subunit
4. recombinant
5. DNA/RNA

Question 14

What are live attenuated vaccines (3)

Answer 14

1. Needs a cold chain
2. Possibility if return to type
3. Common

Question 15

What is important about inactivated/killed vaccines

Answer 15

Essential that virus is completely killed

Question 16

What are subunit vaccines (3)

Answer 16

1. Influenza uses HA & NA antigens
2. May become ineffective if the circulating virus mutates
3. Poorer immune response, give two doses

Question 17

What are recombinant vaccines (4)

Answer 17

1. until recently, difficult to produce
2. hepatitis B vaccine
3. rabies vaccine for wildlife
4. ChAdOx1 nCOV-19

Question 18

What are methods of infection control (7)

Answer 18

1. Hygiene
2. Barrier methods of contraception
3. Needle exchange services
4. Isolation
5. PPE
6. Vector control
7. Quarantine

Question 19

Fusion inhibitor example

Answer 19

enfuvirtide

Question 20

Nucleoside analogues examples (2)

Answer 20

1. Thymine analogue - zidovudine/AZT
2. Cytidine analogue - lamivudine

Question 21

Non-Nucleoside analogues example

Answer 21

nevirapine

Question 22

Integrase inhibitors examples (3)

Answer 22

1. raltegravir
2. elvitegravir
3. Dolutegravir

Question 23

Guanosine analogues examples (3)

Answer 23

1. ribavirin
2. aciclovir
3. ganciclovir

Question 24

neuraminidase inhibitor example

Answer 24

oseltamivir

Question 25

protease inhibitor example

Answer 25

ritonavir