Antimicrobial Therapy and infection control

Question 1

Do Glycopeptides treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

Answer 1

positive

Question 2

Do quinolones treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

Answer 2

both

Question 3

Do tetracyclines treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

Answer 3

both

Question 4

Do macrolides treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

Answer 4

mostly positive
some negative

Question 5

Do aminoglycosides treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

Answer 5

negative

Question 6

Do penicillins treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

Answer 6

positive and negative cocci

Question 7

Do cephalosporins treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

Answer 7

both

Question 8

Do carbapenems treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

Answer 8

both

Question 9

Do lincosamides treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

Answer 9

positive

Question 10

Do sulfonamides treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

Answer 10

both

Question 11

Does isoniazid treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

Answer 11

both

Question 12

What are the current challenges with antimicrobial resistance (4)

Answer 12

Resistance plasmids can bring about:
1. Antibiotic degrading enzyme
2. Antibiotic-altering enzyme
3. antibiotic efflux pump - spits antibiotic back out of the cell
4. Destruction of antibiotics

Question 13

What are the mechanisms of resistance (4)

Answer 13

1. innate resistance
2. altered targets
3. destruction of antibiotic
4. efflux pumps

Question 14

what is the aim of antimicrobial therapy (3)

Answer 14

1. Reduce transmission
2. Reduce infection
3. Reduce opportunistic infections

Question 15

what are access routes for bacteria (6)

Answer 15

1. Cuts
2. Contaminated food/water
3. Faeces
4. Close contact
5. Inhaling droplets
6. Contaminated surfaces

Question 16

what is the antimicrobial mechanism on the cell wall (4)

Answer 16

1. Inhibit proteoglycans & cell wall biosynthesis
2. Beta-lactams
3. Glycopeptides
4. bacteracin

Question 17

what is the antimicrobial mechanism on nucleic acids (2)

Answer 17

1. fluroquinolones
2. Rifamycins
3. Block transcription, DNA synthesis & cell replication

Question 18

what is the antimicrobial mechanism on the plasma membrane (3)

Answer 18

1. Polymyxins
2. Lipopeptides
3. Disrupt/injure plasma membrane/LPS

Question 19

what is the antimicrobial mechanism on metabolic pathways (3)

Answer 19

1. Sulfonamides
2. Isoniazid
3. Competes with bacterial enzymes & inhibits cell function

Question 20

what is the antimicrobial mechanism on ribosomes (4)

Answer 20

1. Tetracyclines
2. Amino glycosides
3. Licosamides
4. Binds to ribosomal subunits & blocks protein synthesis

Question 21

what are beta-lactams examples (3)

Answer 21

1. Penicillins
2. Cephalosporins
3. Carbapenems

Question 22

what do aminoglycosides do (3)

Answer 22

1. affect protein synthesis
2. affects Streptomyces & micromonospora spp.
3. e.g. gentamicin, streptomycin & neomycin

Question 23

what do macrolides do (3)

Answer 23

1. inhibit protein synthesis
2. Affects Streptomyces spp.
3. e.g. erythromycin

Question 24

what do tetracyclines do (4)

Answer 24

1. Inhibit protein synthesis
2. Affects Streptomyces spp.
3. e.g. doxycycline, tetracycline, minocycline

Question 25

what do quinolones do (4)

Answer 25

1. Synthetic 2. Inhibit DNA replication 3. 1st gen = nalidixic acid 4. 2nd gen = ciprofloxacin

Question 26

what do glycopeptides do (2)

Answer 26

1. prevent cell wall synthesis 2. e.g. vancomycin

Question 27

what is antimicrobial resistance (3)

Answer 27

1. When a pathogen changes over time 2. Pathogen no longer responds to medicines 3. Increase spread, death, illness and risk of disease

Question 28

what is amoxicillin clavulanate (2)

Answer 28

1. Amoxicillin - activity against gram ve+ and ve- bacteria 2. clavulanic acid - protects against beta-lactamase strains & MSSA

Question 29

what are the effects of resistant plasmids (3)

Answer 29

1. antibiotic degrading enzymes 2. Antibiotic altering enzymes 3. Antibiotic efflux pumps - spits antibiotic out of cell

Question 30

what are mechanisms of resistance (4)

Answer 30

1. Innate resistance 2. Altered targets 3. Destruction of antibiotic 4. Efflux pumps

Question 31

how does resistance come about (2)

Answer 31

1. Spontaneous mutation 2. Horizontal gene transfer

Question 32

what are novel antimicrobial agents (4)

Answer 32

1. Combination of two or more current antibiotics 2. Antimicrobials from plants or honey 3. Antimicrobials from marine environments 4. Grame ve+/- pathogenic bacteria are susceptible to honey, including MRSA

Question 33

what are the features of honey (8)

Answer 33

1. Non-peroxide antibacterial activity 2. High sugar content 3. Mixture od D-fructose & D-glucose 4. Phytochemical compounds 5. Honey peptides, glycopeptides & proteins 6. Hydrogen peroxide 7. Acidic nature 8. Low water activity