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Cells and Macromolecules > Antimicrobial Therapy and infection control > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Therapy and infection control Flashcards

1
Q

Do Glycopeptides treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

A

positive

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2
Q

Do quinolones treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

A

both

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3
Q

Do tetracyclines treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

A

both

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4
Q

Do macrolides treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

A

mostly positive
some negative

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5
Q

Do aminoglycosides treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

A

negative

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6
Q

Do penicillins treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

A

positive and negative cocci

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7
Q

Do cephalosporins treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

A

both

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8
Q

Do carbapenems treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

A

both

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9
Q

Do lincosamides treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

A

positive

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10
Q

Do sulfonamides treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

A

both

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11
Q

Does isoniazid treat Gram ve- or Gram Ve + or both

A

both

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12
Q

What are the current challenges with antimicrobial resistance (4)

A

Resistance plasmids can bring about:
1. Antibiotic degrading enzyme
2. Antibiotic-altering enzyme
3. antibiotic efflux pump - spits antibiotic back out of the cell
4. Destruction of antibiotics

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13
Q

What are the mechanisms of resistance (4)

A
  1. innate resistance
  2. altered targets
  3. destruction of antibiotic
  4. efflux pumps
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14
Q

what is the aim of antimicrobial therapy (3)

A
  1. Reduce transmission
  2. Reduce infection
  3. Reduce opportunistic infections
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15
Q

what are access routes for bacteria (6)

A
  1. Cuts
  2. Contaminated food/water
  3. Faeces
  4. Close contact
  5. Inhaling droplets
  6. Contaminated surfaces
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16
Q

what is the antimicrobial mechanism on the cell wall (4)

A
  1. Inhibit proteoglycans & cell wall biosynthesis
  2. Beta-lactams
  3. Glycopeptides
  4. bacteracin
17
Q

what is the antimicrobial mechanism on nucleic acids (2)

A
  1. fluroquinolones
  2. Rifamycins
  3. Block transcription, DNA synthesis & cell replication
18
Q

what is the antimicrobial mechanism on the plasma membrane (3)

A
  1. Polymyxins
  2. Lipopeptides
  3. Disrupt/injure plasma membrane/LPS
19
Q

what is the antimicrobial mechanism on metabolic pathways (3)

A
  1. Sulfonamides
  2. Isoniazid
  3. Competes with bacterial enzymes & inhibits cell function
20
Q

what is the antimicrobial mechanism on ribosomes (4)

A
  1. Tetracyclines
  2. Amino glycosides
  3. Licosamides
  4. Binds to ribosomal subunits & blocks protein synthesis
21
Q

what are beta-lactams examples (3)

A
  1. Penicillins
  2. Cephalosporins
  3. Carbapenems
22
Q

what do aminoglycosides do (3)

A
  1. affect protein synthesis
  2. affects Streptomyces & micromonospora spp.
  3. e.g. gentamicin, streptomycin & neomycin
23
Q

what do macrolides do (3)

A
  1. inhibit protein synthesis
  2. Affects Streptomyces spp.
  3. e.g. erythromycin
24
Q

what do tetracyclines do (4)

A
  1. Inhibit protein synthesis
  2. Affects Streptomyces spp.
  3. e.g. doxycycline, tetracycline, minocycline
25
Q

what do quinolones do (4)

A
  1. Synthetic
  2. Inhibit DNA replication
  3. 1st gen = nalidixic acid
  4. 2nd gen = ciprofloxacin
26
Q

what do glycopeptides do (2)

A
  1. prevent cell wall synthesis
  2. e.g. vancomycin
27
Q

what is antimicrobial resistance (3)

A
  1. When a pathogen changes over time
  2. Pathogen no longer responds to medicines
  3. Increase spread, death, illness and risk of disease
28
Q

what is amoxicillin clavulanate (2)

A
  1. Amoxicillin - activity against gram ve+ and ve- bacteria
  2. clavulanic acid - protects against beta-lactamase strains & MSSA
29
Q

what are the effects of resistant plasmids (3)

A
  1. antibiotic degrading enzymes
  2. Antibiotic altering enzymes
  3. Antibiotic efflux pumps - spits antibiotic out of cell
30
Q

what are mechanisms of resistance (4)

A
  1. Innate resistance
  2. Altered targets
  3. Destruction of antibiotic
  4. Efflux pumps
31
Q

how does resistance come about (2)

A
  1. Spontaneous mutation
  2. Horizontal gene transfer
32
Q

what are novel antimicrobial agents (4)

A
  1. Combination of two or more current antibiotics
  2. Antimicrobials from plants or honey
  3. Antimicrobials from marine environments
  4. Grame ve+/- pathogenic bacteria are susceptible to honey, including MRSA
33
Q

what are the features of honey (8)

A
  1. Non-peroxide antibacterial activity
  2. High sugar content
  3. Mixture od D-fructose & D-glucose
  4. Phytochemical compounds
  5. Honey peptides, glycopeptides & proteins
  6. Hydrogen peroxide
  7. Acidic nature
  8. Low water activity

Cells and Macromolecules (29 decks)

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