Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Flashcards
State the indications for antimicrobials
Therapy or prophylaxis
What is emperic therapy
Without microbiology results
What is directed therapy
Based on microbiology results
What is primary prophylaxis
Anti-malarials, immunocompromised patients, pre-operative surgical, post-exposure
What is secondary prophylaxis
to prevent a second episode of infection
List the patient characteristics that should be considered when prescribing antimicrobials
Age, renal function, liver function, immunocompromised, pregnancy, known allergies
State the possible causative organisms of soft-tissue infections
Streptococcus pyogenes, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus group C or G, E.coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, clostridium species
State the possible causative agents of pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumonia Haemophilus influenzae Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumonia Moraxella catarrhalis Mycoplasma pneumonia Legionella pneumonia Chlamydia pneumonia
Describe the action of bacteriacidal antiobiotics
They act on the cell wall of the bacteria and kill the organisms.
State the indications for the use of bacteriacidal antibiotics
Neutropenia, meningitis and endocarditis
State the type of antibiotics which are cidal
beta-lactams
State the type of antibiotics that are bacteriastatic
Macrolides
State the action of bacteriostatic drugs
They inhibit protein synthesis and prevent colony growth. They require the host immune system to mop up residual infection
When is combination therapy used
HIV and TB therapy, severe sepsis, mixed organisms (faecal peritonitis)
What is oral bio-availability
Ratio of drug level when given orally compared with level when given IV
State the oral bio-availability of flucloxacillin
50-70%
State the oral-bioavailability of linezolid
100%
When should the oral route be used
If not vomiting, normal GI function, no shock and no organ dysfunction
When should the IV route be used
For severe or deep-seated infection, and when the oral route is not reliable.
State the symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity to antibiotics
anaphylactic shock
State the symptoms of delayed hypersensitivity to antibiotics
Rash, drug fever, serum sickness, erythema nodosum, SJS
Allergic reactions tend to occur with which antibiotic
Penicillins and cephalosporins
State the GI adverse effects
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, C.diff
Which drugs can result in liver damage
Tetracyclines and TB drugs
State the drugs which can cause kidney damage
Gentamicin and vancomycin
Which drugs can result in ototoxicity
Gentamicin and vancomycin
Which drugs can result in optic neuropathy
Ethambutol
Which drugs can result in convulsions and encephalopahty
Penicillins and cephalosporins
Which drugs can result in peripheral neuropathy
Isoniazid and metronidazole
State the possible haematological adverse side effects
marrow toxicity, megaloblastic anaemia
State the members of the antimicrobial management team
Antibiotic Pharmacists, Infectious Diseases, Acute Medicine, Medical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, General Practice.
State the 4C’s which can cause C.diff
Ceftriaxone, co-amoxiclav, clindamycin, cirpofloxacin
State the 10 antimicrobial classes
Penicillins (β-lactams) Cephalosporins (β-lactams) Aminoglycosides Macrolides Quinolones Glycopeptides Other antibiotics Antifungals Antivirals Immunoglobulin
State the common glycopeptides
Vancomycin and teicoplanin
What is the action of glycopeptides
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
State the common aminoglycoside
Gentamicin
What is the action of aminoglycosides
Inhibition of protein synthesis
State a macrolide
Clarithromycin
State the action of macrolide
inhibition of protein synthesis
State a tetracycline
Doxycycline
Tetracycline action
Inhibition of protein syntehsis
Give an example of Oxazolidnones
Linezolid
Linezolid action
Inhibition of protein synthesis
State the action of trimethoprim
Inhibition of Nucleic acid synthesis
Give an example of sulphonamides
Sulphamethoxazole
State the action of sulphonamides
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
Give an example of Quinolones
Ciprofloxacin
State the action of Quinolones
Inhibition of Nucleic acid synthesis
