Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IUMICRO > Antimicrobial Agents and Mechanisms of Resistance > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Agents and Mechanisms of Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

Objective 1: Define antibiotic

A

A substance tending to prevent, inhibit, or destroy life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Objective 1: Define antimicrobial agent

A

A substance naturally or synthetically produced by living organisms and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microorganism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Objective 1: Define spectrum of activity

A

The range of activity that an antimicrobial agent/antibiotic has against certain groups of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Objective 2: List the various classes of antimicrobials as discussed in lecture

A
  1. Beta-Lactam Drugs
  2. Glycopeptides
  3. Fluoroquinolones
  4. Aminoglycosides
  5. Tetracyclines
  6. Macrolides
  7. Folate Pathway Antagonist
  8. Chloramphenicol
  9. Clindamycin
  10. Rifampin
  11. Mupirocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Objective 3: Associate the following antimicrobials with their appropriate class and spectrum of activity
- Penicillin, Oxacillin, Ampicillin, Piperacillin

A
  • Beta-Lactam Drugs (Penicillins)
    • Penicillin: Narrow and Broad
    • Oxacillin: Narrow (Penicillinase resistant)
    • Ampicillin: Extended
    • Piperacillin: Extended
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Objective 3: Associate the following antimicrobials with their appropriate class and spectrum of activity
- Cefoxitin

A
  • Beta-Lactam Drugs (Cephamycin)
    • Cefoxtin: Narrow (GN, Anaerobes, ESBL)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Objective 3: Associate the following antimicrobials with their appropriate class and spectrum of activity
- Meropenem, Doripenem

A
  • Beta-Lactam Drugs (Carbapenems)
    • Meropenem: Broad
    • Doripenem: Broad
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Objective 3: Associate the following antimicrobials with their appropriate class and spectrum of activity
- Aztreonam

A
  • Beta-Lactam Drugs (Monobactam)
    • Aztreonam: Narrow (GN)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Objective 4: Recognize the structural component common to all beta-lactam antimicrobial agents

A

Beta-lactam Ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Objective 5: Outline the mechanism of action for the following classes of antimicrobial agents: beta-
lactam drugs, glycopeptides, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, folate pathway antagonists.

A

Beta-lactam drugs: inhibit cell wall synthesis
Glycopeptides: inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis
Fluoroquinolones: inhibit DNA synthesis
Aminoglycosides: inhibits protein synthesis
Tetracyclines: inhibits protein synthesis
Macrolides: inhibits protein synthesis
Folate pathway antagonists: inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Objective 6: List the five subclasses of beta-lactam drugs

A
  1. Penicillins
  2. Cephalosporins
  3. Cephamycins
  4. Carbapenems
  5. Monobactam
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Objective 3: Associate the following antimicrobials with their appropriate class and spectrum of activity
- Cefazolin, Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime, Cefepime

A

Beta-Lactam Drugs (Cephalosporin)
- Generations 1-4: From GPC to GNR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Objective 3: Associate the following antimicrobials with their appropriate class and spectrum of activity
- Vancomycin

A

Glycopeptides
- Vancomycin: Narrow (GP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Objective 3: Associate the following antimicrobials with their appropriate class and spectrum of activity
- Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin

A

Fluoroquinolones
- Broad Spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Objective 7: List three antimicrobials specific to or concentrate in the urinary tract

A
  1. Nitrofurantoin
  2. Fosfomycin
  3. Cefazolin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Objective 8: Describe the effects of combining antimicrobials

A

Autonomous/indifferent: no difference in effect if given together or individually

Antagonistic: lesser activity against organism

Synergistic: enhanced activity against organism

17
Q

Objective 9: Explain the difference between intrinsic and acquired resistance

A

Intrinsic: all members of the species are resistant – consistently inherited and predictable

Acquired: not all members of the species are resistant – inconsistently inherited and unpredictable

18
Q

Objective 10: Recognize the mechanism of resistance for S. saprophyticus and novobiocin.

A

Intrinsic resistance

19
Q

Objective 11: Recognize the mechanism of resistance for S. aureus and methicillin/oxacillin.

A

Acquired resistance

20
Q

Objective 12: List the mechanisms used by bacteria in order to exchange genetic material resulting in
antimicrobial resistance

A

Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction

21
Q

Objective 13: Describe the mechanisms resulting in loss of permeability to antimicrobial agents
leading to resistance

A

Impermeability: Decrease accumulation/restricted assess to target site
- Altered/loss of membrane porins
- Altered transport systems

22
Q

Objective 14: Discuss the mechanisms where bacteria alter the target molecules for antimicrobial
attachment leading to resistance

A
  • Methylation of Ribosomal RNA
  • Alterations of Ribosome
  • Altered Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBP)
23
Q

Objective 15: Discuss the most common mechanism of bacterial resistance, given there are more than
2000 genes/enzymes recognized for detection

A

Enzymatic inactivation/degradation (Beta-lactamase)

24
Q

Objective 16: Recognize the action of ALL beta-lactamase enzymes

A

Hydrolyze the C-N bond of the beta-lactam ring

25
Q

Objective 17: Identify three methods of direct or primary beta-lactamase detection

A

Acidometric: pH changes
Iodometric: starch-iodine-penicillin solution
Chromogenic cephalsporin: Nitrocefin (Cefinase)

26
Q

Objective 18: Identify the organism(s) which may require beta-lactamase testing.

A

Haemophilus influenzae

27
Q

Objective 19: Interpret the results for detection of beta-lactamase enzymes in specific organisms

A

Positive: Pink/Red color - produces enzyme
Negative: White/no color change - does not produce the enzyme; may have other mechanism of resistance

28
Q

Objective 20: Recognize the organisms that cause infections which can be treated with the following
antimicrobials: Synercid, Linezolid, Daptomycin, Telithromycin

A

MRSA and VRE: Synercid, Linezolid, Daptomycin
S. pneumoniae: Telithromycin

29
Q

Objective 3: Associate the following antimicrobials with their appropriate class and spectrum of activity
- Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Amikacin

A

Aminoglycosides
- Narrow: GNRs and S. aureus

30
Q

Objective 3: Associate the following antimicrobials with their appropriate class and spectrum of activity
- Tetracycline, Doxycycline

A

Tetracyclines
- Broad: GP, GN, mycoplasma, chlamydiae, rickettsiae

31
Q

Objective 3: Associate the following antimicrobials with their appropriate class and spectrum of activity
- Erythromycin

A

Macrolides
- Broad

32
Q

Objective 3: Associate the following antimicrobials with their appropriate class and spectrum of activity
- Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim/SXT)

A

Folate Pathway Antagonist
- Broad (UTI: E.coli, Stentotrophomonas maltophilia)

33
Q

Objective 3: Associate the following antimicrobials with their appropriate class and spectrum of activity
- Clindamycin

A

Clindamycin
- Broad

IUMICRO (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions