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Pharmacology > Antimicrobial agents > Flashcards

Antimicrobial agents Flashcards

1
Q

Bactericidal means

A

killing bacteria

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2
Q

Bacteriostatic means

A

inhibition of bacterial growth

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3
Q

Minimal inhibitory concentration means

A

the lowest concentration that inhibits visible growth

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4
Q

Minimum bactericidal concentration means

A

the concentration that results in 99.9% death of bacteria

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5
Q

Name the antibiotic classes that effect Cell Wall Biosynthesis

A

B-lactams
Glycopeptides
Cycloserine
Fosomycin

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6
Q

Name the B-lactams that inhibit cell wall biosynthesis

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Monobactams
Cephamycins

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7
Q

Name the glycopeptide that effects cell wall biosynthesis

A

vancomycin

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8
Q

Name the antibiotic class that effects DNA replication

A

Quinolones

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9
Q

Name the antibiotic that effects DNA dependent RNA polimerase

A

Rifamicin

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10
Q

Name the antibiotics that effect bacterial growth by inhibiting the 30s subunit of ribosomes

A

Aminoglycosides

Tetracyclines

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11
Q

Name the antibiotics that effect bacterial growth by inhibiting the 50s subunit of ribosomes

A

Macrolides (erthromycin)
Lincosamides (clindamycin)
Chloramphenicol

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12
Q

Name the antibiotic class that disrupts the bacterial membrane

A

Polymixins

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13
Q

Name a common polymixin

A

daptomycin

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14
Q

Name the two antibiotics that effect folic acid metabolism in bacteria

A

sulfonamides

trimetheprim

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15
Q

What is the difference between gram - and gram + bacteria

A

gram + bacteria lack outer membrane

gram - contains outer membrane

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16
Q

Name similarities between gram-/gram+ bacteria

A

Both contain plasma membrane and peptidoglycan

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17
Q

How does B-Lactam antibiotics work

A

Inhibits a set of enzymes called transpeptidases and carboxypeptidases (AKA- Penicillin Binding Proteins) that make cell wall.

The B-lactam antibiotic becomes covalently bound to the PBP inactivating it and blocking cell wall biosynthesis

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18
Q

Are B-lactam static or cidal to bacteria

A

cidal- the blockage of the cell wall leads to cell lysis

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19
Q

Imipenem is a broad spectrum cell wall biosynthesis inhibitor that works against g-/g+ bacteria except which two

A

MRSA

VRE

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20
Q

Aztreonam is a cell wall biosynthesis inhibitor that works against —– —— bacteria only

A

gram -

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21
Q

What are the four mechanisms that bacteria use to resist antibiotic activity

A

Decreases cell wall permeability
Alters their target site
Inactivates target enzyme
Bybasses their own metabolic pathway

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22
Q

Gram negative bacteria confer resistance by what intrinsic or acquired method

A

Membrane permeability

*most important resistanct factor for gram - bacteria

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23
Q

Beta Lactamase works by

A

breaking the β-lactam ring open, deactivating the molecule’s antibacterial properties.

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24
Q

Name three Beta lactamase inhibitors

A

Sulbactam
Augmentin
Tazobactam

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25
Q

Augmentin is made from

A

Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid

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26
Q

What drug is designed to decrease excretion of other drugs (i.e. PCN)

A

Probenecid

27
Q

Strep. Pneumoniae confers resistance to Beta Lactams by what mechanism

A

altering target site (i.e. Penicillin binding proteins)

28
Q

MRSA confers resistance by what mechanism

A

Bypassing the normal metabolic pathway of S. aureus by adding an additional gene that Beta lactams cannot bind to

29
Q

Name the Glycopeptide antimicrobial involved in inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis

A

Vancomycin via binding to D-Ala-D-Ala aa during peptidoglycan synthesis and inhibiting cell wall growth

30
Q

Vancomycin is used to treat gm - or gm + bacteria

A

gram positive Staph enterococcus

*vancomycin is structurally too big to go through gram - bacteria

31
Q

Vancomycin resistance is based on the presences of Transposons which are effective due to

A

their inherent ability to move DNA sequences and thus inhibiting vancomycin’s ability to bind to D-Ala-D-Ala

32
Q

Cycloserine is a cell wall biosynthesis inhibitor used to treat what conditon

A

TB

33
Q

Fosfomycin is a cell wall biosynthesis inhibitor used to inhibit enolpyruvyl transferase which is an enzyme used during which step in the synthesis of peptidoglycans

A

first step

34
Q

Fosfomycin is a broad spectrum antibiotic used to treat

A

UTIs

35
Q

Name the two Protein synthesis inhibitors of the 30s subunit of ribosomes

A

Aminoglycosides

Tetracyclines

36
Q

Name two common aminoglycoside antibiotics

A

gentAMicin

AMikacin

37
Q

Aminoglycosides must be incorporated into the bacterial cell to work. True or False

A

TRUE

*they work on 30s unit of ribosomes

38
Q

Aminoglycosides are mainly used to treat gram positive bacteria

A

False

  • they are MAINLY used to tx gram negative bacteria
  • BACTERIOCIDAL
39
Q

Are aminoglycosides effective against anaerobic bacteria

A

No

  • energy is needed for drug uptake into bacterial cell. Energy is obtained through the electron transport chain which requires oxygen
40
Q

Aminoglycoside resistances is conferred by what mechanism

A

enzymes that inactivate the drug by reacting via three mechanisms

  1. phosphorylation
  2. acetylation
  3. adenylation
41
Q

Tetracycline is a protein synthesis inhibitor that works via

A

attaching to 30S subunit to prevent binding of incoming aa-tRNA

42
Q

Macrolides/Lincosamides work by

A

binding to 50S subunit and blocking translocation

43
Q

Name a Macrolide

A

erthyromycin

44
Q

Name a Lincosamide

A

clindamycin

45
Q

True/False- resistance to erthromycin=resistance to clindamycin

A

TRUE

46
Q

Chloramphenicol is a protein synthesis inhibitor that works how

A

works on the 50S subunit by inhibiting the enzyme need to form a peptide bond.

47
Q

Oxazolidinones are newer antibiotics that work how

A

by binding to 50s subunit and preventing association with 30s subunits

48
Q

Name a oxazolidinone

A

Linezolid

49
Q

Linezolid is active against

A

gram positive bacteria
MRSA
VRE

50
Q

Bacteria use PABA and Folic acid to produce what

A

purines
pyrimidines

*bases needed for DNA/RNA

51
Q

Name two antibiotics that work by altering the production of folic acid and therefore, purines/pyrimidines

A

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

52
Q

Bacteria utilize what mechanism to confer resistance

A

Bypasses the enzymes that sulfonamide and trimethoprim use to block folic acid production.

53
Q

Name the nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor class

A

Quinolones

54
Q

Name two quinolones

A

ciprofloxacin

norfloxacin

55
Q

How do quinolones work

A

by blocking DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase) activity

56
Q

Ciprofloxacin/Norfloxacin is used to treat what type of bacteria + or -

A

gram negative

*bactericidal

57
Q

Rifampicin is classified as a

A

DNA dependent RNA polymerize inhibitor

58
Q

Polymixins work by

A

disrupting the bacterial cell membrane

  • detergent-like activity
59
Q

Name a polymixin

A

Colistin

60
Q

Colistin treats what type of infections

A

High drug resistant gram negative infections

61
Q

Daptomycin works by

A

disrupting the bacterial cell membrane

*depolorizes bacteria causing death d/t release of intracelluar ions

62
Q

Daptomycin works against

A

gram positive bacteria

*MRSA/ VRE

63
Q

What two antibiotics have an ANTAGONISTIC effect on each other

A

Tetracycline (bacteriostatic) antagonizes beta-lactam (bacteriocidal)

64
Q

What two antibiotics have a SNYERGISTIC effect on each other

A

PCN and Aminoglycosides

Pharmacology (27 decks)

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