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PHARMACOLOGY > Antihypertensive Drugs > Flashcards

Antihypertensive Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

amount of blood pump by the heart for one full minute

A

cardiac output

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2
Q

cardiac output formula

A

heart rate x stroke volume

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3
Q

the amount of blood that is pumped out of the ventricle with each heartbeat

A

stroke volume

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4
Q

normal stroke volume

A

70 ml per min

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5
Q

ability of the arteries to contstrict and dilate

A

total peripheral resistance

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6
Q

phaeochromocytoma only respond to one drug and that is?

A

regitine

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7
Q

Types of Hypertension

*Ninety percent of these cases have no
known cause
* There is elevated total peripheral resistance
* The organs are perfused effectively and
people with essential hypertension usually
exhibit no symptoms (“Silent Killer”)

A

Essential Hypertension (Primary
Hypertension)

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8
Q

Types of Hypertension

characterized by elevated blood
pressure due to a known cause

A

Secondary Hypertension

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8
Q

are antihypertensive agents that act
in the lungs to prevent the
conversion of angiotensin I into
angiotensin II, which is a potent
vasoconstrictor

A

Angiotensin-converting
enzymes inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)

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9
Q

if you are losing sodium, what does your body retain?

A

potassium

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10
Q

side effect of ACE inhibitor

A

hyperkalemia

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11
Q

suffix of ACE inhibitor

A

PRIL

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12
Q

hypertensive drug that can be used as diabetic nephropathy

A

ACE Inhibitor

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13
Q

the only ACE inhibitor associated with sometimes-fatal pancytopenia, cough, and GI distress.

A

captopril

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13
Q

type of hypertensive drugs

blocking vasoconstriction and release of
aldosterone through selective
blocking of angiotensin II receptors
in vascular smooth muscles and
adrenal cortex.

A

Angiotensin II-Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

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13
Q

is ACE inhibitors allowed to pregnant women?

A

NO

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14
Q

ARBs suffix

A

sartan

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14
Q

if th patient with heart failure does not respond to ACE, what hypertensive drug type can she use?

A

ARBs

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15
Q

both of this type of drug can slow down process of renal diabetes

A

ARBs and ACE

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16
Q

best nursing consideration for ARBs?

A

Administer drug with food to prevent GI distress

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17
Q

type of hypertensive drug

directly inhibits renin and
inhibiting the conversion of angiotensinogen
to angiotensin I

A

Renin Inhibitors

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18
Q

Sodium influx will most likely cause?

A

muscle contraction

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18
Q

type of hypertensive drug

  • inhibit the movement of calcium ions across
    myocardial and arterial muscle cell membranes.

*As a result, action potential of these cells are
altered and cell contractions are blocked.

*Resultant effects include: depressed myocardial contractility, slow cardiac impulse in conductive tissues, and arterial dilation and relaxation.

A

Calcium-Channel Blockers

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18
Q

Sodium outflux will most likely cause?

A

relaxation

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19
Q

Since these drugs can significantly decrease
cardiac workload, they are effective in treatment of angina.

A

Calcium-Channel Blockers

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19
Q

safe for children, the drug group that is first considered in cases of hypertension

A

calcium-channel blockers

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19
Q

Calcium-Channel Blockers suffix

A

dipine

20
Q

type of hypertensive drug

  • exert their effect by acting directly
    on smooth muscles.
    -consequently, there will be muscle
    relaxation and vasodilation. Both of
    these will cause drop in blood
    pressure.

RESERVE FOR SEVERE HYPERTENSIVE

A

VASODILATORS

20
Q

sample of VASODILATORS

A

hydralazine (oral, IV, Im)
minoxidil (oral)
nitropruisside (IV)

20
Q

drug used in maintaining
controlled hypotension during surgery.

A

Nitroprusside (vasodilator)

20
Q

too much Nitroprusside can cause?

A

cyanide toxicity and hypothyroidism.

21
Q

type of hypertensive drugs

  • drugs that increase the excretion of
    sodium and water from the kidney

-often the first agents tried in mild
hypertension (i.e. Thiazide & Loop)

-also use to manage edema (excessive
accumulation of fluids) and glaucoma
(an eye disease that is characterized by
increased intraocular pressure (IOP)

A

Diuretic Agents

21
Q

It causes active pumping out of
chloride from the cells lining the
ascending limb of Loop of Henle and
distal tubule by blocking the chloride
pump. Since sodium passively moves
with chloride to maintain electrical
neutrality, both sodium and chloride
are excreted in the urine

A

Thiazide Diuretics

22
Q

adverse effect of thiazide that affects women

A

slightly-alkalinized
urine (can lead to bladder infections)

23
Q

*Referred to as high-ceiling
diuretics because they are capable of
causing greater degree of diuresis

*Blocks the action of chloride pump in
the ascending limb of the loop of
Henle, where 30% of sodium is
normally reabsorbed.

  • Exerts the same effect on the
    descending limb of loop of Henle and
    distal tubule causing sodium-rich urine.
A

Loop Diuretics

23
Q

example of lood dieuretics

A

furosemide
torsemide

23
Q

indication of loop fieuretics

A

acute HF, acute
pulmonary edema

24
Q

Drug of choice when rapid and
extensive diuresis is needed. It can
produce a fluid loss up to 20 pounds per
day.

A

loop dieuretics

24
Q

adverse effects of loop dieureics

A

CNS: dizziness; CV: hypotension,
GI:GI upset
GU: hypokalemia (can precipitate
hyperglycemia), increased
bicarbonate excretion, hypocalcemia
and tetany
EENT: ototoxicity, reversible loss of
hearing

25
Q

normal potassium value

A

3.5 - 5.0

26
Q

type of dieuretics

*Relatively mild diuretics which affects the
proximal convoluted tubule

  • Inhibits the action of the enzyme carbonic
    anhydrase, the catalyst for the formation
    of sodium bicarbonate stored as alkaline
    reserve in the renal tubules and is
    important for the excretion of hydrogen.
  • It slows down the movement of hydrogen
    ions which leads to greater amount of
    sodium and bicarbonate lost in the urine
A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Diuretics

27
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase
Inhibitors Diuretics suffix

A

mide

27
Q
  • often used for the treatment of
    glaucoma. Inhibition of carbonic
    anhydrase results in decreased
    secretion of aqueous humor of the
    eyes.
  • Also used as adjunct to other
    diuretics when more intense diuresis
    is needed.
A

Carbonic Anhydrase
Inhibitors Diuretics

28
Q
  • Less powerful than loop diuretics but
    they retain potassium instead of
    wasting it.
  • used for patients who have high risk
    for hypokalemia associated with
    diuretic use.
A

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

29
Q

what drug combination can be used to lessen the effect of potassium sparing dieuretics

A

furozemide

30
Q

known potassium sparing dieuretics

A

Spironolactone

31
Q
  • used as adjuncts with thiazide or
    loop diuretics or in patients who are
    especially at risk if hypokalemia
    develops.
A

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

32
Q
  • Only one osmotic diuretic is currently
    available,
A

mannitol (Osmitrol).

32
Q

type of dieuretics

exerts their therapeutic effect by pulling
water into the renal tubule without loss of
sodium.

A

Osmotic Diuretics

33
Q

used to decrease IOP before eye surgery or
during acute attacks of glaucoma
* Diuretic of choice in cases of increased
cranial pressure (e.g. Stroke) or acute
renal failure

A

osmotic diuretic

34
Q

where does alpha 1 can be located

A

blood vessels

35
Q

what does alpha 1 do

A

vasoconstriclation

36
Q

where does alpha 2 can be located

A

pre synapses

37
Q

beta 1 is a ___ receptor

A

heart

38
Q

what happens if you stimulate beta 1

A

increae heart rate

39
Q

beta 2 can be found in?

A

lungs

40
Q

blocks beta-1 receptors in
the heart thereby causing decrease in cardiac
output resulting to decrease in blood pressure

A

Selective Beta-blockers

41
Q

blocks beta-1
receptors in the heart (decrease in cardiac output)
and the RAA system

A

Non-Selective Beta-blockers

42
Q

beta 1 blocker suffix

A

lol

43
Q

what does aplha 1 blocker do

A

vasodilation

43
Q

used to diagnose and manage
episodes of pheochromocytoma,
but they have limited usefulness in
essential hypertension

A

Alpha- Blockers (Alpha 1
and 2 Adrenergic Blockers)

44
Q

suffix of alpha 1 blocker

A

osin

45
Q

the drug of choice for pheochromocytoma

A

Regitine

45
Q

stimulate the alpha2- receptors in the
CNS and inhibit the cardiovascular
centers, leading to a decrease in
sympathetic outflow from the CNS and (NOREPHINEPRINE)
a resultant drop in blood pressure

A

Centrally Acting Adrenergic
Drugs
(i.e. Alpha2-agonists)

46
Q

anti hypertensive drug available for pregnant women

A

methyldopa

PHARMACOLOGY (8 decks)

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