Antibiotics

Question 1

• agents made from living microorganisms,
  synthetic manufacturing, and genetic
  engineering that are used to inhibit specific
  bacteria.
• They can be bacteriostatic, bactericidal, or both.
• The goal is to decrease the population of
  invading bacteria to a point at which the human
  immune system can effectively deal with the
  invader

Answer 1

Antibiotics

Question 2

Exert bactericidal effect through inhibition of protein synthesis in susceptible strains of gram- negative bacteria.

Answer 2

Aminoglycosides

Question 3

it happens during prolonge antibiotic therapy

Answer 3

superinfections

Question 3

Indications
* Infections caused by susceptible
strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Escherichia coli, Proteus spp.,
Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group,
Citrobacter spp., and Staphylococcus spp.

• Serious infections susceptible to
  penicillin when penicillin is
  contraindicated.

Answer 3

Aminoglycosides

Question 4

Aminoglycosides
Adverse Effects
* CNS: ototoxicity, irreversible deafness, vestibular paralysis, confusion, depression, disorientation, numbness, tingling, weakness
* Renal: renal failure
* Hematology: bone marrow depression, leading to immunosuppression and resultant superinfections
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, stomatitis, hepatotoxicity
* CV: palpitations, hypotension, hypertension
* Hypersensitivity reactions: purpura, rash, urticaria,

Answer 4

Aminoglycosides
Adverse Effects
* CNS: ototoxicity, irreversible deafness, vestibular paralysis, confusion, depression, disorientation, numbness, tingling, weakness
* Renal: renal failure
* Hematology: bone marrow depression, leading to immunosuppression and resultant superinfections
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, stomatitis, hepatotoxicity
* CV: palpitations, hypotension, hypertension
* Hypersensitivity reactions: purpura, rash, urticaria,

Question 5

inhibits cell wall synthesis

Answer 5

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

Question 6

a relatively new class of broad-spectrum
antibiotics effective against gram-positive
and gram-negative bacteria.

• Exert bactericidal effect by inhibiting
  cell membrane synthesis in susceptible bacteria, leading to cell death

Answer 6

Carbapenems

Question 7

Indications
* Serious intra-abdominal, urinary tract,
skin and skin structure, bone and
joint, and gynecological infections.
* Infections caused by susceptible
strains: S.pneumoniae, H.influenzae,
E.coli, K.pneumoniae, B.fragilis,
P.mirabilis, P.aeruginosa, and P.bivia.

Answer 7

Carbapenems

Question 8

Carbapenems
*Adverse Effects
* GI: pseudomembranous colitis
(meropenem), diarrhea, nausea,
vomiting, dehydration and electrolyte
imbalance
* CNS: headache, dizziness, altered
mental state

Answer 8

Carbapenems
*Adverse Effects
* GI: pseudomembranous colitis
(meropenem), diarrhea, nausea,
vomiting, dehydration and electrolyte
imbalance
* CNS: headache, dizziness, altered
mental state

Question 9

happens when bacteria is resistant to a drug

Answer 9

superbugs

Question 10

• the first antibiotic introduced for clinical
  use.
• address penicillin-resistant bacteria.
• Exert bactericidal effect by interfering
  with the ability of susceptible bacteria
  to build their cell walls when they are
  dividing, and the bacteria with
  weakened cell walls swell and then
  burst from osmotic pressure within the
  cell.

Answer 10

Penicillin and Penicillinase-Resistant

Question 11

Indications
* Treatment of streptococcal infections [GABHS- grou A beta hemolytic streptococcus]
(e.g. pharyngitis, tonsillitis, scarlet
fever, endocarditis).
* Treatment of meningococcal meningitis
if given at high doses

Answer 11

Penicillin

Question 11

• first introduced in the 1960s.
• These drugs are similar to penicillin in
  structure and activity.
• Exert bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects
  by interfering with the cell-wall building
  ability of bacteria during cell division.
  Therefore, they prevent the bacteria from bio
  synthesizing the framework of their cell
  walls.

Answer 11

cephalosporins

Question 11

Penicillin and Penicillinase-Resistant
*Adverse Effects
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
pain, glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, sore
mouth, furry tongue
* Pain and inflammation at the injection site
can occur with injectable forms of the
drugs.
* Hypersensitivity reactions: rash, fever,
wheezing, anaphylaxis with repeated
exposures
* Superinfections, e.g. yeast infections.

Answer 11

Penicillin and Penicillinase-Resistant
*Adverse Effects
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
pain, glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, sore
mouth, furry tongue
* Pain and inflammation at the injection site
can occur with injectable forms of the
drugs.
* Hypersensitivity reactions: rash, fever,
wheezing, anaphylaxis with repeated
exposures
* Superinfections, e.g. yeast infections.

Question 11

Cephalosporin

Adverse Effects
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia,
abdominal pain, flatulence,
pseudomembranous colitis
* CNS: headache, dizziness, lethargy,
paresthesias
* Nephrotoxicity in patients who have
predisposing renal insufficiency
* Superinfections
* Phlebitis and local abscess at the site of IM
injection and/or IV administration

Answer 11

Cephalosporin

Adverse Effects
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia,
abdominal pain, flatulence,
pseudomembranous colitis
* CNS: headache, dizziness, lethargy,
paresthesias
* Nephrotoxicity in patients who have
predisposing renal insufficiency
* Superinfections
* Phlebitis and local abscess at the site of IM
injection and/or IV administration

Question 12

inflammation of vein (hot, red)

Answer 12

phlebitis

Question 13

toxic to tissues

Answer 13

vesicant

Question 14

non vesicant yung nag leak sa vein, swollen and cold

Answer 14

infiltration

Question 15

vesican yung nagleak sa vein, stings and has a burning sensation

Answer 15

extravastation

Question 16

are a relatively new synthetic
class of antibiotics with
a broad spectrum of activity.

• Interfere with the action
  of DNA enzymes
  necessary for growth
  and reproduction of the
  bacteria.

Answer 16

Fluoroquinolones

Question 17

• Treating infections (respiratory, urinary tract, and skin) caused by susceptible strains: E.coli,
  P.mirabilis, K.pneumoniae, P.vulgaris, M.morganii,
  P.aeruginosa, H.influenzae, S.aureus, S.epidermidis, N.gonorrhoeae, and group D streptococci.
• Ciprofloxacin was approved in 2001 for prevention of anthrax infection in areas that might be exposed to germ warfare. It is also effective against typhoid fever.

Answer 17

Fluoroquinolones

Question 18

___ was approved in 2001 for prevention of anthrax infection in areas that might be exposed to germ warfare. It is also effective against typhoid fever.

Answer 18

Ciprofloxacin

Question 19

Fluoroquinolones
*Adverse Effects
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth
* CNS: headache, dizziness, insomnia,
depression
* Immunological: bone marrow depression
* Photosensitivity and severe skin reactions
so advise patient to avoid sun and
ultraviolet light exposure and to use
protective clothing and sunscreens.

Answer 19

Fluoroquinolones
*Adverse Effects
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth
* CNS: headache, dizziness, insomnia,
depression
* Immunological: bone marrow depression
* Photosensitivity and severe skin reactions
so advise patient to avoid sun and
ultraviolet light exposure and to use
protective clothing and sunscreens.

Question 20

___ are drugs that inhibit folic acid
synthesis.
* Inhibit folic acid synthesis
required as precursors of RNA and DNA.

Answer 20

Sulfonamides

Question 21

Indications * Treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains: C.trachomatis, Nocardia, and some strains of H.influenzae, E.coli, and P.mirabilis. * Can also be used in treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. * Sulfadiazine is a broad spectrum * Sulfasalazine is used in treatment of ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis. * Cotrimixazole is a newer drug for UTI, otitis media

Answer 21

Sulfonamides

Question 22

*work by inhibiting protein synthesis in a wide range of bacteria, leading to the inability of the bacteria to multiply

Answer 22

Tetracyclines

Question 23

* Indications * Treatment of infections caused by Rickettsiae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Bacteroides species, Vibrio comma, Vibrio fetus, Brucella species, E. coli, E. aerogenes, Shigella species, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Klebsiella species, Diplococcus pneumoniae, and S. aureus; * when penicillin is contraindicated in susceptible infections; * treatment of acne and uncomplicated GU infections caused by C. trachomatis.

Answer 23

Tetracyclines

Question 24

Tetracyclines *Contraindications * contraindicated in patients with known allergy to tetracyclines * Contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation because of effects on developing bones and teeth. * ophthalmic preparation is also contraindicated in patients who have fungal, mycobacterial, or viral ocular infections * caution in children younger than 8 years of age because they can potentially damage developing bones and teeth

Answer 24

Tetracyclines *Contraindications * contraindicated in patients with known allergy to tetracyclines * Contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation because of effects on developing bones and teeth. * ophthalmic preparation is also contraindicated in patients who have fungal, mycobacterial, or viral ocular infections * caution in children younger than 8 years of age because they can potentially damage developing bones and teeth

Question 25

Ketolides is a class of antibiotics introduced in 2004. * indicated for treatment of mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia caused by susceptible bacteria. * E.g. Telithromycin

Answer 25

Ketolides is a class of antibiotics introduced in 2004. * indicated for treatment of mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia caused by susceptible bacteria. * E.g. Telithromycin

Question 26

*Ketolides and lincosamides block protein synthesis leading to cell death

Answer 26

*Ketolides and lincosamides block protein synthesis leading to cell death

Question 27

Macrolides are antibiotics that interfere with protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria. * bind to the bacterial cell membrane and change protein function. This prevents bacteria from dividing and cause their cell death. * treat respiratory infections and urethritis in adults and otitis media and pharyngitis/tonsillitis in children. * Eythromycin is the drug of choice for Legionnaire’s disease and infections caused by C.diphtheriae, Ureaplasma spp., mycoplasma pneumonia, and chlamydial infections. * Azithromycin

Answer 27

Macrolides are antibiotics that interfere with protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria. * bind to the bacterial cell membrane and change protein function. This prevents bacteria from dividing and cause their cell death. * treat respiratory infections and urethritis in adults and otitis media and pharyngitis/tonsillitis in children. * Eythromycin is the drug of choice for Legionnaire’s disease and infections caused by C.diphtheriae, Ureaplasma spp., mycoplasma pneumonia, and chlamydial infections. * Azithromycin

Question 27

Lincosamides are similar to macrolides but they are more toxic. * used to treat severe infections when penicillin or other less toxic antibiotics cannot be used.

Answer 27

Lincosamides are similar to macrolides but they are more toxic. * used to treat severe infections when penicillin or other less toxic antibiotics cannot be used.

Question 27

Monobactam antibiotics are indicated for treatment of gram- negative enterobacterial infections.

Answer 27

Monobactam antibiotics are indicated for treatment of gram- negative enterobacterial infections.

Question 28

Lipoglycopeptides inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by interfering with polymerization and cross-linking of peptidoglycans. * used to treat complicated skin and skin- structure infections caused by susceptible strains of gram-positive organisms.

Answer 28

Lipoglycopeptides inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by interfering with polymerization and cross-linking of peptidoglycans. * used to treat complicated skin and skin- structure infections caused by susceptible strains of gram-positive organisms.