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PHARMACOLOGY > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q
  • agents made from living microorganisms,
    synthetic manufacturing, and genetic
    engineering that are used to inhibit specific
    bacteria.
  • They can be bacteriostatic, bactericidal, or both.
  • The goal is to decrease the population of
    invading bacteria to a point at which the human
    immune system can effectively deal with the
    invader
A

Antibiotics

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2
Q

Exert bactericidal effect through inhibition of protein synthesis in susceptible strains of gram- negative bacteria.

A

Aminoglycosides

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3
Q

it happens during prolonge antibiotic therapy

A

superinfections

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3
Q

Indications
* Infections caused by susceptible
strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Escherichia coli, Proteus spp.,
Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group,
Citrobacter spp., and Staphylococcus spp.

  • Serious infections susceptible to
    penicillin when penicillin is
    contraindicated.
A

Aminoglycosides

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4
Q

Aminoglycosides
Adverse Effects
* CNS: ototoxicity, irreversible deafness, vestibular paralysis, confusion, depression, disorientation, numbness, tingling, weakness
* Renal: renal failure
* Hematology: bone marrow depression, leading to immunosuppression and resultant superinfections
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, stomatitis, hepatotoxicity
* CV: palpitations, hypotension, hypertension
* Hypersensitivity reactions: purpura, rash, urticaria,

A

Aminoglycosides
Adverse Effects
* CNS: ototoxicity, irreversible deafness, vestibular paralysis, confusion, depression, disorientation, numbness, tingling, weakness
* Renal: renal failure
* Hematology: bone marrow depression, leading to immunosuppression and resultant superinfections
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, stomatitis, hepatotoxicity
* CV: palpitations, hypotension, hypertension
* Hypersensitivity reactions: purpura, rash, urticaria,

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5
Q

inhibits cell wall synthesis

A

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

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6
Q

a relatively new class of broad-spectrum
antibiotics effective against gram-positive
and gram-negative bacteria.

  • Exert bactericidal effect by inhibiting
    cell membrane synthesis in susceptible bacteria, leading to cell death
A

Carbapenems

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7
Q

Indications
* Serious intra-abdominal, urinary tract,
skin and skin structure, bone and
joint, and gynecological infections.
* Infections caused by susceptible
strains: S.pneumoniae, H.influenzae,
E.coli, K.pneumoniae, B.fragilis,
P.mirabilis, P.aeruginosa, and P.bivia.

A

Carbapenems

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8
Q

Carbapenems
*Adverse Effects
* GI: pseudomembranous colitis
(meropenem), diarrhea, nausea,
vomiting, dehydration and electrolyte
imbalance
* CNS: headache, dizziness, altered
mental state

A

Carbapenems
*Adverse Effects
* GI: pseudomembranous colitis
(meropenem), diarrhea, nausea,
vomiting, dehydration and electrolyte
imbalance
* CNS: headache, dizziness, altered
mental state

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9
Q

happens when bacteria is resistant to a drug

A

superbugs

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10
Q
  • the first antibiotic introduced for clinical
    use.
  • address penicillin-resistant bacteria.
  • Exert bactericidal effect by interfering
    with the ability of susceptible bacteria
    to build their cell walls when they are
    dividing, and the bacteria with
    weakened cell walls swell and then
    burst from osmotic pressure within the
    cell.
A

Penicillin and Penicillinase-Resistant

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11
Q

Indications
* Treatment of streptococcal infections [GABHS- grou A beta hemolytic streptococcus]
(e.g. pharyngitis, tonsillitis, scarlet
fever, endocarditis).
* Treatment of meningococcal meningitis
if given at high doses

A

Penicillin

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11
Q
  • first introduced in the 1960s.
  • These drugs are similar to penicillin in
    structure and activity.
  • Exert bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects
    by interfering with the cell-wall building
    ability of bacteria during cell division.
    Therefore, they prevent the bacteria from bio
    synthesizing the framework of their cell
    walls.
A

cephalosporins

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11
Q

Penicillin and Penicillinase-Resistant
*Adverse Effects
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
pain, glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, sore
mouth, furry tongue
* Pain and inflammation at the injection site
can occur with injectable forms of the
drugs.
* Hypersensitivity reactions: rash, fever,
wheezing, anaphylaxis with repeated
exposures
* Superinfections, e.g. yeast infections.

A

Penicillin and Penicillinase-Resistant
*Adverse Effects
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
pain, glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, sore
mouth, furry tongue
* Pain and inflammation at the injection site
can occur with injectable forms of the
drugs.
* Hypersensitivity reactions: rash, fever,
wheezing, anaphylaxis with repeated
exposures
* Superinfections, e.g. yeast infections.

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11
Q

Cephalosporin

Adverse Effects
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia,
abdominal pain, flatulence,
pseudomembranous colitis
* CNS: headache, dizziness, lethargy,
paresthesias
* Nephrotoxicity in patients who have
predisposing renal insufficiency
* Superinfections
* Phlebitis and local abscess at the site of IM
injection and/or IV administration

A

Cephalosporin

Adverse Effects
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia,
abdominal pain, flatulence,
pseudomembranous colitis
* CNS: headache, dizziness, lethargy,
paresthesias
* Nephrotoxicity in patients who have
predisposing renal insufficiency
* Superinfections
* Phlebitis and local abscess at the site of IM
injection and/or IV administration

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12
Q

inflammation of vein (hot, red)

A

phlebitis

13
Q

toxic to tissues

A

vesicant

14
Q

non vesicant yung nag leak sa vein, swollen and cold

A

infiltration

15
Q

vesican yung nagleak sa vein, stings and has a burning sensation

A

extravastation

16
Q

are a relatively new synthetic
class of antibiotics with
a broad spectrum of activity.

  • Interfere with the action
    of DNA enzymes
    necessary for growth
    and reproduction of the
    bacteria.
A

Fluoroquinolones

17
Q
  • Treating infections (respiratory, urinary tract, and skin) caused by susceptible strains: E.coli,
    P.mirabilis, K.pneumoniae, P.vulgaris, M.morganii,
    P.aeruginosa, H.influenzae, S.aureus, S.epidermidis, N.gonorrhoeae, and group D streptococci.
  • Ciprofloxacin was approved in 2001 for prevention of anthrax infection in areas that might be exposed to germ warfare. It is also effective against typhoid fever.
A

Fluoroquinolones

18
Q

___ was approved in 2001 for prevention of anthrax infection in areas that might be exposed to germ warfare. It is also effective against typhoid fever.

A

Ciprofloxacin

19
Q

Fluoroquinolones
*Adverse Effects
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth
* CNS: headache, dizziness, insomnia,
depression
* Immunological: bone marrow depression
* Photosensitivity and severe skin reactions
so advise patient to avoid sun and
ultraviolet light exposure and to use
protective clothing and sunscreens.

A

Fluoroquinolones
*Adverse Effects
* GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth
* CNS: headache, dizziness, insomnia,
depression
* Immunological: bone marrow depression
* Photosensitivity and severe skin reactions
so advise patient to avoid sun and
ultraviolet light exposure and to use
protective clothing and sunscreens.

20
Q

___ are drugs that inhibit folic acid
synthesis.
* Inhibit folic acid synthesis
required as precursors of RNA and DNA.

A

Sulfonamides

21
Q

Indications

  • Treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains: C.trachomatis, Nocardia, and some strains of H.influenzae,
    E.coli, and P.mirabilis.
  • Can also be used in treatment of sexually transmitted diseases.
  • Sulfadiazine is a broad spectrum
  • Sulfasalazine is used in treatment of ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Cotrimixazole is a newer drug for UTI, otitis media
A

Sulfonamides

22
Q

*work by inhibiting protein synthesis
in a wide range of bacteria, leading
to the inability of the bacteria to
multiply

A

Tetracyclines

23
Q
  • Indications
  • Treatment of infections caused by Rickettsiae,
    Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Bacteroides species,
    Vibrio comma, Vibrio fetus, Brucella species, E.
    coli, E. aerogenes, Shigella species,
    Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Klebsiella species,
    Diplococcus pneumoniae, and S. aureus;
  • when penicillin is contraindicated in susceptible infections;
  • treatment of acne and uncomplicated GU
    infections caused by C. trachomatis.
A

Tetracyclines

24
Q

Tetracyclines
*Contraindications
* contraindicated in patients with known
allergy to tetracyclines
* Contraindicated during pregnancy and
lactation because of effects on developing
bones and teeth.
* ophthalmic preparation is also
contraindicated in patients who have fungal,
mycobacterial, or viral ocular infections
* caution in children younger than 8 years of
age because they can potentially damage
developing bones and teeth

A

Tetracyclines
*Contraindications
* contraindicated in patients with known
allergy to tetracyclines
* Contraindicated during pregnancy and
lactation because of effects on developing
bones and teeth.
* ophthalmic preparation is also
contraindicated in patients who have fungal,
mycobacterial, or viral ocular infections
* caution in children younger than 8 years of
age because they can potentially damage
developing bones and teeth

25
Q

Ketolides is a class of antibiotics
introduced in 2004.
* indicated for treatment of mild to
moderate community-acquired
pneumonia caused by susceptible
bacteria.
* E.g. Telithromycin

A

Ketolides is a class of antibiotics
introduced in 2004.
* indicated for treatment of mild to
moderate community-acquired
pneumonia caused by susceptible
bacteria.
* E.g. Telithromycin

26
Q

*Ketolides and lincosamides block
protein synthesis leading to cell
death

A

*Ketolides and lincosamides block
protein synthesis leading to cell
death

27
Q

Macrolides are antibiotics that interfere with
protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria.
* bind to the bacterial cell membrane and change protein function. This prevents bacteria from dividing and cause their cell death.
* treat respiratory infections and urethritis in adults and otitis media and pharyngitis/tonsillitis in children.
* Eythromycin is the drug of choice for Legionnaire’s disease and infections caused by C.diphtheriae, Ureaplasma spp., mycoplasma pneumonia, and chlamydial infections.
* Azithromycin

A

Macrolides are antibiotics that interfere with
protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria.
* bind to the bacterial cell membrane and change protein function. This prevents bacteria from dividing and cause their cell death.
* treat respiratory infections and urethritis in adults and otitis media and pharyngitis/tonsillitis in children.
* Eythromycin is the drug of choice for Legionnaire’s disease and infections caused by C.diphtheriae, Ureaplasma spp., mycoplasma pneumonia, and chlamydial infections.
* Azithromycin

27
Q

Lincosamides are similar to macrolides but
they are more toxic.
* used to treat severe infections when penicillin or other less toxic antibiotics cannot be used.

A

Lincosamides are similar to macrolides but
they are more toxic.
* used to treat severe infections when penicillin or
other less toxic antibiotics cannot be used.

27
Q

Monobactam antibiotics are
indicated for treatment of gram-
negative enterobacterial infections.

A

Monobactam antibiotics are
indicated for treatment of gram-
negative enterobacterial infections.

28
Q

Lipoglycopeptides inhibit bacterial cell wall
synthesis by interfering with polymerization
and cross-linking of peptidoglycans.
* used to treat complicated skin and skin-
structure infections caused by susceptible
strains of gram-positive organisms.

A

Lipoglycopeptides inhibit bacterial cell wall
synthesis by interfering with polymerization
and cross-linking of peptidoglycans.
* used to treat complicated skin and skin-
structure infections caused by susceptible
strains of gram-positive organisms.

PHARMACOLOGY (8 decks)

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