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Pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Fluroquinolones

  • Example
  • MoA
  • Indications
  • Side effects
  • Contraindications
  • Pregnancy status
A

Example:
Ciprofloxacin

MoA:
Bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Inhibition of DNA synthesis though inhibition of topoisomerases

Indications:
Predominantly gram-negative infections including pseudomonas aerunginosa

Side effects:
Tendonitis, GI upset, prolonged QT interval, C.diff,** lower seizure threshold**

Contraindications:
G6PD

Pregnancy status:
Not safe for pregnancy or breastfeeding

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2
Q

Penicillins

  • Examples
  • MoA
  • Indications
  • Side effects
A

Examples:
Amoxicillin, ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, flucloxacillin, piperacillin

MoA:
Bactericidal. A form of beta lactam. Penicillins inhibit cross-linkages in the bacterial wall and prevent the formation of new cell walls.

Indications:
Gram positive infections

Side effects:
Urticaria, anaphylaxis, erythema nodosum, drug-induced thrombocytopenia, diarrhoea

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3
Q

Aminoglycosides

  • Examples
  • MoA
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Side effects
  • Pregnancy
  • Monitoring
A

Examples:
Gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, streptomycin

MoA:
Bactericidal. Inhibit bacterial protein synthase by binding to 30S subunit of ribosome.

Indications:
Gram negative bacteria including pseudomonas

Contraindications:
Perforated tympanic membrane/grommets, myasthenia gravis

Side effects:
Ototoxic, nephrotoxic

Pregnancy:
Not safe for pregnancy

Monitoring:
Peaks and troughs measured

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4
Q

Tetracyclines

  • Examples
  • MoA
  • Indications
  • Side effects
  • Pregnancy
  • Extra info
A

Examples:
Doxycycline, tetracycline

MoA:
Bacteriostatic. Reversible binding to ribosomal subunit 30s inhibits protein synthesis.

Indications:
Gram positive and negative coverage. Rosacea, acne, zoonoses.

Side effects:
Phototoxicity, gastro-intestinal upset, idiopathic intracranial hypertension,angioedema, black hairy tongue
In children, discolouration of the teeth and inhibition of bone growth can occur.

Pregnancy:
Not safe for pregnancy or breastfeeding

Extra info:
Will bind to metal ions e.g. iron, calcium, magnesium, reducing absorption.

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5
Q

Macrolides

  • Examples
  • MoA
  • Indications
  • Side effects
  • Interactions
  • CYP450 status
A

Examples:
Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin

MoA:
Bacteriostatic. Binds to ribosomal subunit 50s inhibits protein synthesis

Indications:
Predominantly gram positive cocci (similar to penicillins)

Side effects:
QT prolongation, GI upset, cholestasis, hepatotoxic, C.difficile

Interactions:
Statins - increased risk of myopathy

CYP450 effect:
Inhibitor

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6
Q

Cephalosporins

  • Examples
  • MoA
  • Indications
  • Sid effects
A

Examples:
1st generation: Cefalexin, 2nd generation: Cerufoxime, 3rd generation: Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime

MoA:
Bactericidal. A form of beta lactam. Disruption of synthesis of peptidoglycan layer.

Indications:
Become more suited to gram-negative

Side effects:
GI upset, C.diff, overlap with penicillin allergy

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7
Q

Glycopeptides

  • Examples
  • MoA
  • Indications
  • Side effects
A

Example:
Vancomycin, teicoplanin

MoA:
Bactericidal. Bind to proteins on cell wall preventing DD-transpeptidase from binding

Indications:
Best suited to gram-positive infection

Side effects:
Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis,** red man syndrome**

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8
Q

Metronidazole

  • MoA
  • Indication
  • Side effects
  • Interactions
  • CYP450 status
A

MoA:
Bactericidal. Inhibition of bacterial DNA synthesis

Indications:
Protozoa, gram negative infections

Side effects
GI upset, disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol, cerbellar syndrome, agranulocytosis, peripheral and optic neuropathy

Interactions:
Will increase potency of warfarin. Will increase risk of lithium toxicity.

CYP450 status:
Inhibitor

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9
Q

Nitrofurantoin

  • MoA
  • Indications
  • Side effects
  • Pregnancy status
A

MoA:
Bactericidal/bacteriostatic

Indications:
UTIs

Side effects:
GI upset, hypersensitivity, peripheral neuropathy, hepatotoxicity, lung fibrosis

Pregnancy status:
Should not be used in third trimester

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10
Q

Trimethoprim

  • MoA
  • Indications
  • Side effects
  • Pregnancy status
A

MoA:
Inhibition of folate synthesis via inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase

Indications:
UTIs, PCP

Side effects: GI upset, hypersensitivity, hyperkalemia, myelosuppression, transient rise in creatinine

Pregnancy status:
Not safe for pregnancy or breastfeeding

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Pharmacology (25 decks)

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