Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Rifampin

A

Is a rifamycin drug which is bactericidal. It binds bacterial RNA polymerase at the active center, blocking elongation of the mRNA.
Treats gm+ and gram – mycobacterium tuberculosis
Resistance:
Intrinsic Resistance-in some bacterial strains, the drug is unable to bind to the beta subunit of RNA polymerase

Acquired resistance: the strain acquires mutations in rpoB gene preventing drug binding.

Adverse effects: GI side effects, hypersensitivity-fever, can turn body fluids orange-red color

Induction of cytochrome p450 enzyme can induce the metabolism of other medicines leading to organ rejection and loss of seizure control
Deacetylation does not lead to deactivation of the drug, but it is excreted in the bile, but some is reabsorbed in the intestines the rest is passed in the feces.

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2
Q

Is a rifamycin drug which is bactericidal. It binds bacterial RNA polymerase at the active center, blocking elongation of the mRNA.
Treats gm+ and gram – mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Rifampin

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3
Q

Fidaxomicin

A

-Better than vanco
Mechanism: Bactericidal-Inhibits RNA Polymerase by binding to sigma subunit of RNA Polymerase.

Spectrum: Narrow spectrum, particularly gram positive anaerobes, and C. difficile, is better at preventing recurring infections.

Resistance: Point mutation in RNA Polymerase.

Side Effects: Low absorbtion, nausea and vomiting

Would not expect cross resistance with Rifampin due to the two antibiotics binding two different sites on the RNA Polymerase.

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4
Q

Mechanism: Bactericidal-Inhibits RNA Polymerase by binding to sigma subunit of RNA Polymerase.

Spectrum: Narrow spectrum, particularly gram positive anaerobes, and C. difficile, is better at preventing recurring infections.

A

Fidaxomicin

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5
Q

Fluoroquinolones-Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin

A

Mechanism: Bactericidal-Inhibit, DNA Replication by binding bacterial topioisomerase, preventing relaxing of DNA for normal transcription and translation.

Spectrum: Broad- Gm+ Gm- and atypical like mycobacteria

Resistance: efflux(multidrug resistance may occur due to the upregulation of transporters capable of effluxing many types of drugs), mutations in topioisomerase

Side effects: GI side effects, confusion, photosensitivity, tendon rupture, not for use during pregnancy

Notes: Chelates cations so don’t take with calcium, iron, aluminum, and zinc. Don’t take with dairy products, juices, and antacids.
Moxifloxacin is not excreted in the urine.

Levofloxacin has good bioavailability, and is excreted in the active state, so is very good at treating UTI’s

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6
Q

Folate antagonists

A

Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim

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7
Q

Sulfamethazole

A

Mechanism: drug is a Para-AminoBenzoic Acid PABA analog and acts as a competitive inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthetase.

Resistance: change in dehydropterate synthetase, increased efflux. Increased production of PABA.

Side effects: Rash/hypersensitivity, Stevens Johnson syndrome, cross reaction with other sulfonamide moieties. Crystalluria leading to acute renal failure
Kernicterus-Billiruben induced brain dysfunction

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8
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Mechanism: bacteriostatic, inhibits dihydrofolate reductase.
Resistance: Altered dihydrofolate reductase, increased amount of dihydrofolate reductase, alternative metabolic pathways.
Adverse effects: Bone marrow suppression, hyperkalemia(elevated K in blood)

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9
Q

Trimethoprim, Sulfamethazole combo

A

Bacteriocidal
Mechanism: sequential block of the folate synthesis pathway.
Spectrum: broad treatment of UTIs, Shigella, salmonella, Pneumocystis(fungi)

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10
Q

Metronidazole

A

Mechanism: Bacteriocidal, activated form generates free radicals leading to DNA Breaks and cell death. Only metabolized to the active form in anaerobes and not in aerobes.
Spectrum: protozoa, anaerobic bacteria including c diff
Resistance: Rare
Adverse effects: Nausea diarrhea, headache and metallic taste. Avoid during pregnancy due to free radicals

Metronidazole blocks aldehyde dehydrogenase, inhibiting the oxidation of acetaldehyde and causing a marked increase in acetaldehyde concentration after drinking, just like 2nd generation cephalosporins.

E. Coli (gm-) are resistant to beta lactam antibiotics.

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11
Q

Nitrofuratoin

A

Mechanism: Bactericidal- it is reduced by bacterial flavoproteins to reactive intermediates, which inactivate or alter bacterial ribosomal proteins and other macromolecules, leading to an inhibition of the synthesis of DNA, RNA, cell wall and protein.

Spectrum: Broad, excreted in urine in active form Usually only used for UTI
Resistance: Lack of bacterial resistance since the drug interferes with a variety of processes.

Adverse Effects: Vomiting and pulmonary toxicity

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12
Q

Linezolid:

A

Mechanism: Bacteriostatic-Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 23S ribosomal RNA on the 50S subunit and preventing formation of the initiation complex. Excellent Bioavailability
Spectrum: Gm+ including MRSA, Vanc resistant enterococci
Resistance: alterations or modifications in 23S ribosomal RNA, unique binding site does not result in cross-resistance with other drug classes
Adverse effects: Bone Marrow suppression, Inhibits Monoamine oxidase leading to build up of seritonin

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13
Q

Aminoglycosides-Gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin

A

Mechanism: Bactericidal- prevents formation of initiation complex, causes misreading of mRNA, and induces early termination.
Spectrum: Gram – aerobic
Resistance: Intrinsic resistance-failure of antibiotic to enter cell(anaerobic)
Acquired resistance- Acquisition of enzymes which inactivate the drug through acetylation, phosphorylation or adenylation
Amikacin-less susceptible to enzyme inactivation and broader spectrum including pseudomonas

Adverse effects: Tubular necrosis: nephrotoxicity- drug retained in renal cortex 	(reversible) ototoxicity- vestibular and auditory dysfunction (irreversible)
	pregnancy class D- hearing loss in fetus
-poor absorbtion, usually administered by IV Drugs are polar and excluded from CSF. Gentimycin is synergistic with penicillin and used in the treatment of some gm+ organisms
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14
Q

Tetracyclines: tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline

A

Mechanism: Bacteriostatic-bind 30S preventing attachment of tRNA
Specrtum: Broad initially
Resistance: borellia, H. pylori, mycoplasma pneumoniae Intrinsic: decreased uptake
Acquired: Increased efflux Alteration of ribosomal target
Adverse effects: forms stable chelates with metal ions such as ca, mg, FE, Al. decreasing absorbtion of the drug. Gastrointestinal irritation and photosensitivity
Discoloration of teeth and inhibits bone growth in children. Pregnancy class D.

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15
Q

Chloramphenicol:

A

Mechanism: Bacteriostatic-binds 50S preventing peptide bond formation
Spectrum: extended use, but limited due to side effects
Resistance: acetyltransferase modifies drug to prevent binding to the ribosome.
Adverse effects: Toxic bone marrow depression and aplastic anemia. Grey Baby syndrome: premature infants lack the enzyme UDP-glycyronyl transferase and have decreased renal function so high levels of the drug accumulate, which can lead to cardiovascular and respiratory collapse.

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16
Q

Macrolides-erythroycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin

A

Mechanism: Bacteriostatic, inhibits translocation by binding 23S rRNA of 50S subunit
Spectrum: Broad coverage of respiratory pathogens, Chlamydia

Use of macrolides is limited by:
Resistance-Methylation of 23S rRNA binding site-also associated with clindamycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin resistance
Increased efflux, and hydrolysis of the macrolide by esterases
Adverse effects: GI discomfort, Liver failure, inhibitors of cytP450 enzymes, not safe during pregnancy

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17
Q

Lincosamide: Clindamycin

A

Mechanism: Bacteriostatic-Blocks translocation at 50S subunit
Spectrum: Gm+ including anaerobic (treat acne)
Resistance: mutation of ribosome, methylation of ribosomal RNA (D-test)-checks bacteria sensitivity to clindamycin
Adverse effects: hypersensitivity(fever and Rash)
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, mucus and blood in stool, superinfection with C. Diff.

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18
Q

Streptogramins: Quinupristin/Dalfopristin

A

Mechanism: combined action is bactericidal for some organisms, binds 50S
Spectrum: reserved for infections caused by multi-drug resistant Gm+ bacteria
Resistance: Methylation prevents binding to target. Enzymes inactivate drug. Efflux proteins pump out of cell.
Adverse effects: high incidence including arthralgias and myalgias are common. Inhibits cytP450 enzyme and is likely to have drug interactions

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19
Q

Decreased Uptake MOR

A
Primarily decreased uptake
Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides
Aminoglycosides 
Chloramphenicol
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20
Q

Increased Efflux MOR

A
Cephalosporins
Aztreonam
Tetracyclines (most impt), minocycline the exception
Macrolides
Quinupristin/dalfopristin
Fluoroquinolones
Sulfonamides
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21
Q

Altered target MOR

A

Beta-lactams – altered penicillin binding proteins (MRSA)
Vancomycin- altered target
Rifampin - DNA dependent RNA polymerase
Fluoroquinolones - DNA topoisomerase II or IV
Sulfonamides - Dihydropteroate synthetase
Trimethoprim - Dihydrofolate reductase

Linezolid – altered ribosome
Aminoglycosides – altered ribosome (uncommon)
Erythromycin, clindamycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin – methyltransferase modified ribosome
Tetracyclines – production of proteins that interfere with ribosomal binding

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22
Q

Moxifloxacin

A

Broad spectrum gm + and -. Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

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23
Q

Resistance rarely occurs

A

Bacitracin

Polymyxins

24
Q

Rifamycin

A

Blocks initiation of RNA chains by binding to RNA polymerase preventing RNA synthesis. Bacteriocidal

25
Q

Streptomyocin

A

Prevents transition from initiation to chain elongation and also causes miscoding

26
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Blocks the peptidyl transferase reaction on ribosomes

27
Q

Clavulanate

A

Is given with penicillins to degrade B-lactamases

28
Q

Nafcillin

A

B-Lactam which is penicillin with a large R-Group and shows resistance to pennicillinase and is bacteriocidal by preventing cross linking of peptidoglycan

Treats MRSA and Gm+ bacteria

29
Q

Meropenem

A

B-lactam antibiotic inhibits cell wall, and has a broad spectrum except MRSA, causes toxic kidney metabolits and seizures

30
Q

Dicloxacillin

A

B-lactam penicillin with large R-group for resistance to penicillinase is bacteriocidal by affecting cross linking of peptidoglycan treats MRSA and Gm+ bacteria

31
Q

Pennicillin

A

G: is IV
V: is oral
Both operate by inhibiting cross linking of cell wall
many gm+ infections and side effects are seizure, nausea and diarrhea

32
Q

Ampicillin

A

B-Lactam antibiotic which is water soluble and can enter through porins and bind penicillin binding protein and inhibits the cross linking of Peptidoglycan
Treats Gm+ and Gm- infections

33
Q

Amoxicillin

A

B-lactam antibiotic which is bacteriocidal and water soluble. It can pass through porins and inhibit cross linking of peptidoglycan. Treats many Gm+ and is one penicillin which treats Gm-

34
Q

Probenicid

A

Is an antibiotic assistant which acts on kidney to reduce excretion of weak acids to improve half life of penicillin

35
Q

Ticarcillin

A

B-lactam which prevents cross linking of peptidoglycan and is bacteriocidal in treatinc gm- bacilli including pseudomonas

36
Q

Tazobactam

A

Antibiotic assistant which inhibits B-lactamase

37
Q

Piperacillin

A

B-lactam antibiotic which is penicillinase succeptible. It is water soluble and enters porins and inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis in Gm- bacteria including pseudomonas.

38
Q

Aztreonam

A

Monocyclic B-lactam antibiotic which acts on the cell wall and treats Gm- rods including Klebsiella, pseudomonas, serratsa, and is used when a patient is allergic to penicillin

39
Q

Cefazolin 1st generation cephalosporin

A

B-lactam which inhibits cell wall synthesis and treats Gm+ cocci. hypersensitivity with penicillin
Used prophylactically with surgery

40
Q

Cefoxitin is a 2nd generation Cephalosporin

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis treats gm - and some gm+ prophylactically prior to surgery

41
Q

Ceftriaxone 3rd generation Cephalosporin

A

Cell wall inhibitor which treats streptococcal and serious Gm- infections resistant to other B-lactams. Has a strong association with C. Diff and interacts with calcium containing meds to form crystals that precipitate out in lungs and kidneys

42
Q

Cefuroxime 2nd generation Cephalosporin

A

Cell wall inhibitor treats many Gm- and some Gm+ bacteria and is used prophylactically.
Side effects: Inhibits vitamin K production, prolonging bleeding

43
Q

Cefotaxime 3rd generation cephalosporin

A

B-lactam cell wall inhibitor whih treats more serious cases of Gm- infections and can cross BBB used for meningitis. Causes problems with calcium drugs and is associated with C. Diff diarrhea.

44
Q

Cefepime 4th generation Cephalosporin

A

B-lactam which is a combo of(cefazolin and ceftazidine) 1st and 3rd generation cephalosporins which has the broadest spectrum Gm- and Gm+ including pseudomonas

45
Q

Ceftaroline 5th generation cephalosporin

A

Cell wall inhibitor which binds penicillin binding protein it is a new drug and is useful for MRSA

46
Q

Imipenem/Cilastatin

A

Imipenem Is a B-lactam antibiotic coadministered with cilastatin to prevent formation of a toxic metabolite Treats a broad spectrum except MRSA and has a toxic kidney metabolite without cilastatin.

47
Q

Vancomycin

A

Cell wall inhibitor by binding to alanine terminus of cell wall precursor inhibiting bactoprenol carrier and preventing cell wall synthesis

Used for Gm+ MRSA and C. Diff. Typically administered via IV due to poor absorption via oral route

48
Q

Daptomycin

A

Cell membrane inhibitor which binds to cell membrane of Gm+ bacteria leading to depolarization and death. Treats Gm+ and MRSA. Resistance can occur when there is an AA change at the surface of the membrane

49
Q

Sulbactam

A

Antibiotic assistant which inhibits B-lactamase to make B-Lactam antibiotics still function

50
Q

Polymyxin B

A

Cell membrane inhibitor which is bacteriocidal and binds to phospatidylethanolamine in the membrane creating holes and killing bacteria. It is used for multidrug resistant bacteria including pseudomonas.

Side Effects: nephrotoxicity

51
Q

Bacitracin

A

Non-B-lactam antibiotic which inhibits the cell wall by dephosphorylating the bactoprenol carrier.

It is used topically and can have nephrotoxicity when given systemically.

52
Q

Prophylactic treatment

A

treat an infection that has not yet developed in individuals at a high risk of developing an infection.

53
Q

Empiric treatment

A

take cultures, patients have an active infection with serious side effects but the organism has not been identified (broad range).

54
Q

Definitive treatment

A

pathogen identified (monotherapy, narrow spectrum)

55
Q

Pre-emptitive treatment

A

have a lab test indicating infection, but no symptoms yet. Advantage decreases amount of antibiotics used.

56
Q

Definitive therapy/ treatment

A

after initial disease is controlled, therapy is continued at lower doses