Antibiotic resistance transfer

Question 1

transfer of genetic material between different organisms

Answer 1

horizontal gene transfer

Question 2

new genetic materials from foreign sources are acquired and propagated in the progenies and can lead to rapid spread of drug resistance

Answer 2

HGT

Question 3

Genomic DNA from other microbrial species can be acquired directly through

Answer 3

transformation

Question 4

Genomic DNA from other microbrial species can be acquired indirectly through via bacteriophages

Answer 4

transduction

Question 5

certain mobile genetic elements mediate their own transfer between bacterial cells

Answer 5

plasmids

Question 6

some mobile genetic elements carry drug resistance gene are capable to move within and between replicons

Answer 6

transposons

Question 7

Transformation is a process by which a ___________ bacterial cell acquires a new genetic matierals from its environment

Answer 7

competent

Question 8

bacteria with the ability to import DNA are said to be

Answer 8

competent

Question 9

often release their DNA into the environment

Answer 9

lysed bacterial cells

Question 10

Free DNA in the environment is ________, an enzyme that digests DNA and inhibits transformation

Answer 10

sensitive to DNAse

Question 11

the imported pieces are typically __________ than a bacterial chromosome, usually they carry 1-10 genes

Answer 11

smaller

Question 12

Transduction is a process by which a ________ transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another bacterium

Answer 12

bacteriophage

Question 13

in specialized transduction by lysogenic phages allows part of the bacterial chromosome adjacent to the attachment site to be aberrantly packaged during

Answer 13

prophage excision

Question 14

in specialized transduction by lysogenic phages, phages carry host DNA and subsequently

Answer 14

infect another bacterium

Question 15

cut unmethylated DNA sequences

Answer 15

restriction modification systems

Question 16

prokaryotic “acquired immune” systems, recognize and cut previously “ seen” genetic materials

Answer 16

Crispr-cas systems

Question 17

some DNA that displays homology to the bacterial chromosome can integrate into the host genome through

Answer 17

homologous recombination

Question 18

_____ ATPase facilitates strand exchange during homlogous recombination

Answer 18

RecA

Question 19

generalized transduction

Answer 19

lytic phages

Question 20

what will happen if the incoming DNA contains a new gene flanked by two homologous regions?

Answer 20

two RecA-dependent homlogous recombination events can occure

Question 21

result in acquisition of a new gene in one strand of the chromosome

Answer 21

Double recombination events

Question 22

protein that recognizes single strand of DNA

Answer 22

RecA

Question 23

DNA elements capable of self replication

Answer 23

replicons

Question 24

protein that intiate chromosome or plasmid replication

Answer 24

Rep

Question 25

origin of replication- a DNA binding site for Rep protein

Answer 25

Ori

Question 26

oriC

Answer 26

chromosome

Question 27

oriV

Answer 27

vegetative plasmid

Question 28

oriR

Answer 28

r-factor plasmid

Question 29

pick up free DNA by

Answer 29

trnasformation

Question 30

some phages can ______ the whole plasmid

Answer 30

transduce

Question 31

transfer from one bacterium to another through

Answer 31

conjugation

Question 32

Conjugation is a process by which transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another bacterium through

Answer 32

direct contact

Question 33

sex pilus

Answer 33

conjugative pilus

Question 34

enable the cell to make the pilus for conjugation

Answer 34

tra genes

Question 35

tra genes are often found on the

Answer 35

transferable element or plasmid

Question 36

The donor's sex pilus attaches to the

Answer 36

recipient cell

Question 37

brings the donor and recipient cells close together

Answer 37

sex pilus retraction

Question 38

origin of transfer

Answer 38

ori T

Question 39

must be on the same replicon being transferred

Answer 39

oriT

Question 40

can be on a different replicon

Answer 40

tra operon

Question 41

proteins for replication

Answer 41

rep

Question 42

origin of replication

Answer 42

oriV or oriR

Question 43

a set of genes that encode the transfer apparatus and other proteins required for conjugation

Answer 43

tra operon

Question 44

plasmids with antibiotic resistance genes

Answer 44

r factors

Question 45

binds to the oriT site of the plasmid and generates a single strand DNA substrate for conjugal transfer

Answer 45

Relaxase

Question 46

mobile genetic elements that can move within and between genomes

Answer 46

transposons

Question 47

Transposons cannot self replicate beucase it does not have an

Answer 47

origin of replication

Question 48

genome hopping

Answer 48

transposition

Question 49

transposition is mediated by the enzyme ____ which is encoded within the transposon

Answer 49

transposase

Question 50

transposases recognize DNA sequences called _____ at both ends of the transposon

Answer 50

inverted repeats

Question 51

what is usually part of transposons on plasmids?

Answer 51

drug resistance genes

Question 52

simplest transposable unit

Answer 52

insertion sequence "IS elements"

Question 53

IS element + antibiotic resistance gene

Answer 53

simple transposon

Question 54

possess properties of phages/transposons (integration& excision) and plasmids (conjugal transfer) ad cannot maintain extra-chromosomally

Answer 54

ICEs- integrative and conjugative elements

Question 55

DNA transfer mechanisms [3]

Answer 55

1. transformation 2. transduction 3. conjugation

Question 56

Mobile DNA [3]

Answer 56

1. plasmids 2. transposons 3. ICEs

Question 57

naked DNA

Answer 57

transformation

Question 58

phages

Answer 58

transduction

Question 59

pili

Answer 59

conjugation

Question 60

transferable, non-transferable

Answer 60

plasmids

Question 61

antibiotic resistance

Answer 61

transposons

Question 62

mixes properties

Answer 62

ICEs