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Microbiology 3 > Antibiotic resistance transfer > Flashcards

Antibiotic resistance transfer Flashcards

exam 3

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

transfer of genetic material between different organisms

A

horizontal gene transfer

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2
Q

new genetic materials from foreign sources are acquired and propagated in the progenies and can lead to rapid spread of drug resistance

A

HGT

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3
Q

Genomic DNA from other microbrial species can be acquired directly through

A

transformation

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4
Q

Genomic DNA from other microbrial species can be acquired indirectly through via bacteriophages

A

transduction

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5
Q

certain mobile genetic elements mediate their own transfer between bacterial cells

A

plasmids

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6
Q

some mobile genetic elements carry drug resistance gene are capable to move within and between replicons

A

transposons

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7
Q

Transformation is a process by which a ___________ bacterial cell acquires a new genetic matierals from its environment

A

competent

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8
Q

bacteria with the ability to import DNA are said to be

A

competent

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9
Q

often release their DNA into the environment

A

lysed bacterial cells

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10
Q

Free DNA in the environment is ________, an enzyme that digests DNA and inhibits transformation

A

sensitive to DNAse

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11
Q

the imported pieces are typically __________ than a bacterial chromosome, usually they carry 1-10 genes

A

smaller

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12
Q

Transduction is a process by which a ________ transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another bacterium

A

bacteriophage

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13
Q

in specialized transduction by lysogenic phages allows part of the bacterial chromosome adjacent to the attachment site to be aberrantly packaged during

A

prophage excision

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14
Q

in specialized transduction by lysogenic phages, phages carry host DNA and subsequently

A

infect another bacterium

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15
Q

cut unmethylated DNA sequences

A

restriction modification systems

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16
Q

prokaryotic “acquired immune” systems, recognize and cut previously “ seen” genetic materials

A

Crispr-cas systems

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17
Q

some DNA that displays homology to the bacterial chromosome can integrate into the host genome through

A

homologous recombination

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18
Q

_____ ATPase facilitates strand exchange during homlogous recombination

A

RecA

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19
Q

generalized transduction

A

lytic phages

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20
Q

what will happen if the incoming DNA contains a new gene flanked by two homologous regions?

A

two RecA-dependent homlogous recombination events can occure

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21
Q

result in acquisition of a new gene in one strand of the chromosome

A

Double recombination events

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22
Q

protein that recognizes single strand of DNA

A

RecA

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23
Q

DNA elements capable of self replication

A

replicons

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24
Q

protein that intiate chromosome or plasmid replication

A

Rep

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25
Q

origin of replication- a DNA binding site for Rep protein

A

Ori

26
Q

oriC

A

chromosome

27
Q

oriV

A

vegetative plasmid

28
Q

oriR

A

r-factor plasmid

29
Q

pick up free DNA by

A

trnasformation

30
Q

some phages can ______ the whole plasmid

A

transduce

31
Q

transfer from one bacterium to another through

A

conjugation

32
Q

Conjugation is a process by which transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another bacterium through

A

direct contact

33
Q

sex pilus

A

conjugative pilus

34
Q

enable the cell to make the pilus for conjugation

A

tra genes

35
Q

tra genes are often found on the

A

transferable element or plasmid

36
Q

The donor’s sex pilus attaches to the

A

recipient cell

37
Q

brings the donor and recipient cells close together

A

sex pilus retraction

38
Q

origin of transfer

A

ori T

39
Q

must be on the same replicon being transferred

A

oriT

40
Q

can be on a different replicon

A

tra operon

41
Q

proteins for replication

A

rep

42
Q

origin of replication

A

oriV or oriR

43
Q

a set of genes that encode the transfer apparatus and other proteins required for conjugation

A

tra operon

44
Q

plasmids with antibiotic resistance genes

A

r factors

45
Q

binds to the oriT site of the plasmid and generates a single strand DNA substrate for conjugal transfer

A

Relaxase

46
Q

mobile genetic elements that can move within and between genomes

A

transposons

47
Q

Transposons cannot self replicate beucase it does not have an

A

origin of replication

48
Q

genome hopping

A

transposition

49
Q

transposition is mediated by the enzyme ____ which is encoded within the transposon

A

transposase

50
Q

transposases recognize DNA sequences called _____ at both ends of the transposon

A

inverted repeats

51
Q

what is usually part of transposons on plasmids?

A

drug resistance genes

52
Q

simplest transposable unit

A

insertion sequence “IS elements”

53
Q

IS element + antibiotic resistance gene

A

simple transposon

54
Q

possess properties of phages/transposons (integration& excision) and plasmids (conjugal transfer) ad cannot maintain extra-chromosomally

A

ICEs- integrative and conjugative elements

55
Q

DNA transfer mechanisms [3]

A
  1. transformation
  2. transduction
  3. conjugation
56
Q

Mobile DNA [3]

A
  1. plasmids
  2. transposons
  3. ICEs
57
Q

naked DNA

A

transformation

58
Q

phages

A

transduction

59
Q

pili

A

conjugation

60
Q

transferable, non-transferable

A

plasmids

61
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

transposons

62
Q

mixes properties

A

ICEs

Microbiology 3 (6 decks)

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