Antibiotic Drugs Flashcards
Gentamycin
Gram
negative
bacteria
MRSA, PID,
pseudomonas
Can be used
in serious
infection
prior to C&S
results
Adverse: dizziness
Bone marrow
suppression
Superinfection
Black box
warning:
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
↑ risk toxicity if
combined with
diuretics
Monitor: liver and
renal labs
↑ Hydration to ↓
toxicity risk
Ertapenem
Gram
positive and
gram
negative
bacteria
Adverse: toxicity
Superinfections
(C-difficile)
headache,
dizziness,
confusion,
seizures
IM, IV
Avoid in those < 18
yr
Monitor: GI effects,
serious diarrhea,
dizziness &
superinfections
↑ Hydration to ↓
toxicity risk
Vancomycin
Gram
positive
Staph
infections
C. diff.,
Active
against
MRSA
Adverse: Renal toxicity
Acute Kidney
Injury
Ototoxicity (check
8th cranial nerve)
Superinfections
phlebitis-
rotate infusion
site
Red- man syndrome
Adverse / rare,
but must be
monitored for:
IV or po but poorly
absorbed by GI
track
Caution in renal,
hearing
impairment;
Enhance
neuromuscular
blocking agents
Peak and trough
peak: 1 hour after
dose; trough: 30
minutes before
dose due
Ceftriaxone
Gram
positive &
negative
bacteria
Skin, UTI,
respiratory,
PID
Surgical
preop
prophylaxis
Nephrotoxicity
Superinfections
Adverse: colitis- bloody
diarrhea
headache,
dizziness
Phlebitis at IV site
Abscess at IM site
Multiple
generations-of
these drugs (cost
considerations)
Choice depends on
sensitivity, route,
and cost
Risk of bleeding if
used with
anticoagulant
Ciprofloxacin/
Levofloxacin
Broad
spectrum
gram neg;
UTI resp
tract; skin
infections
Anthrax
Typhoid
fever
Adverse: Black box
warning:
tendonitis,
(tendon rupture
esp. if over 60, on
steroids, after
transplants)
headache,
dizziness
N & V, diarrhea
Photosensitivity-
avoid sun, use
sunscreens
Oral, injectable,
topical
Give: separate 4
hours between drug
and Iron salts,
antacids
Monitor: ↑ QT-
cardiac monitoring
if with other drugs
If combined with
theophylline
increased levels of
theophylline
(monitor levels)
Corticosteroids can
cause tendon rupture
Amoxicillin
Extended
spectrum:
Broad
spectrum for
adults and
children
Strep
infections,
pharyngitis,
tonsillitis
Treatment
H. Pylori
Adverse: N&V, diarrhea,
stomatitis,
Superinfections,
Pain phlebitis at
IV site
Anaphylaxis
Teach pt. signs-
rash, hives, etc.
Can switch from
parenteral to oral
↓effect with fruit
juices
Take on empty
stomach with 8 oz
glass water 1 hour
before meal or 3h
after, (applies to all
penicillins except
amoxicillin)
Cotrimoxazole
Gram+ and
gram-
bacteria,
UTIs,
STDs
Adverse: N & V, diarrhea
↓ filtration
leads to nephrotic
syndrome
headache,
dizziness
Bone marrow
suppression
Photosensitivity
Rash
Combination drug-
helps with bacterial
resistance
Trimethoprim/
Sulfamethoxazole
interacts with
digoxin, phenytoin,
& warfarin
Cross-sensitivity
with thiazide
diuretics
Hypoglycemia with
oral antidiabetic
agent
↑K+ with ACE, and
K+ sparing diuretics
Doxycycline
Treats many
organisms
including
staph,
e-coli Used when
PCN
contraindicated,
Traveler’s
diarrhea
STDs
Adverse: N & V, diarrhea
Hepatotoxicity
Pitting of bones,
stains teeth Photosensitivity-
Superinfections.
Absorption affected
by food and with
other drugs; Take
on empty stomach.Avoid: dairy
(calcium) ↓ effects
of drugs
Stains teeth – avoid
in children younger
than 8, pregnant or
lactating women
↓ effectiveness oral
contraceptives
Monitor Dig levels-
↑ risk of dig toxicity
Isoniazid
First line
drug for
Tuberculosis
Drug
combinations
↓ resistant
strains,
help with
bacteria in
specific
stages.
Adverse:neuritis,
dizziness, malaise
N&V
monitor hepatic
function before,
and monthly
during therapy (in
adults)
Avoid Tyramine
foods (alcohol,
Swiss cheese, fish,
containing foods)
that may cause
redness of skin and
itching.
Severe reactions are
possible.Administer
Pyridoxine vitamin
B6 for overdose & to
prevent neuropathy
Rifampin
First line
drug for
Tuberculosis
Adverse: ↑ liver
enzymes, Monitor
BUN,
Body fluids may
turn reddish
orange
Soft contact lenses
permanently
discolored
Administer on
empty stomach1
hour before or 2
hours after meals
with full glass H2O
Monitor BUN
Both INH and
Rifampin have
many drug
interactions,
↓ effects of oral
contraceptives and
problems with
compliance.Must take meds 6
mos-2 years
Hepatotoxicity
when both drugs
are used together
Clindamycin
Severe
infections,
Sepsis,
bone and
joint
infection
Adverse:N, V & diarrhea
Bone marrow
suppression
pseudomembrano
us colitis
Limited use due to
toxicity, may be
needed for certain
bacterium
Caution in renal,
hepatic impairment
Erythromycin/
Azithromycin
Respiratory
dermatologic
UTI,
GI infections
Adverse:
GI-limiting (C-
difficile diarrhea);
hearing loss
superinfections
Erythromycin:
hepatotoxicity
Azithromycin
Renal toxicity
ALL:
Take on empty
stomach with 8 oz
glass water
Avoid with lactating
women – secreted
in breast milk to
infant
↑ Dig levels
many drug
interactions
Linezolid
Vancomycin
(VRE) and
methicillin
resistant
(MRSA)
bacteria
Adverse: headache,
dizziness
N, V, &
diarrhea,
Pseudomembranou
s colitis
Thrombocytopenia
Do not use within
14 days of MAOI
Avoid tyramine
foods
Rimantadine
Influenza A
in adults
Preventive
Influenza A
in children
Adverse: Light-
headedness,
dizziness,
insomnia,
orthostatic
hypotension
Treatment influenza
with symptoms less
than 2 days
Acyclovir/
Valacyclovir
Herpes
simplex
viruses
Shingles,
chicken pox,
genital
herpes, cold
sores
Adverse: Headache,
vertigo, tremors
nausea,
vomiting
rash
Acyclovir- oral, IV,
topical
Wear gloves when
administering
topical
Valacyclovir (oral
only
