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MN Pharmacology > Anti-hypertensives > Flashcards

Anti-hypertensives Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?

A

ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation and reduced aldosterone secretion.

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2
Q

Name a class of antihypertensive drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).

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3
Q

Name an example of an ACE inhibitor.

A

Lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, peindopril

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4
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of ARBs?

A

ARBs block the action of angiotensin II at its receptor, preventing vasoconstriction and aldosterone release.

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5
Q

Which receptor do ARBs primarily target?

A

Answer: Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors.

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6
Q

Name an example of an ARB.

A

Losartan, Candesartan, valsartan, Olmesartan, Telmisartan

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7
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers (CCBs)?

A

CCBs inhibit the influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to vasodilation.

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8
Q

Name two classes of CCBs.

A

Dihydropyridine CCBs (e.g., amlodipine) and non-dihydropyridine CCBs (e.g., verapamil, diltiazem).

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9
Q

How do dihydropyridine CCBs primarily affect blood vessels?

A

Dihydropyridine CCBs primarily cause vasodilation of peripheral arteries.

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10
Q

Which type of CCBs is more selective for cardiac tissue?

A

Non-dihydropyridine CCBs (e.g., verapamil, diltiazem).

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11
Q

Name an example of a dihydropyridine CCB.

A

Amlodipine.

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12
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-blockers?

A

Beta-blockers inhibit the action of catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline) at beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to decreased heart rate and contractility.

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13
Q

Which beta-adrenergic receptors do beta-blockers primarily target?

A

Beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart.

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14
Q

Name an example of a cardioselective beta-blocker.

A

Atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, esmolol, acebutolol, metoprolol, and nebivolol.

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15
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics?

A

Thiazide diuretics inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron, leading to diuresis and decreased blood volume.

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16
Q

How do thiazide diuretics contribute to blood pressure reduction?

A

Thiazide diuretics reduce blood volume, leading to decreased preload and cardiac output, thus lowering blood pressure.

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17
Q

Name an example of a thiazide diuretic.

A

Chlorthalidone,
Hydrochlorothiazide, Indapamide,Metolazone

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18
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of loop diuretics?

A

Loop diuretics inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride cotransport in the ascending loop of Henle, leading to diuresis and decreased blood volume.

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19
Q

Which part of the nephron do loop diuretics primarily act on?

A

The ascending loop of Henle.

20
Q

Name an example of a loop diuretic

A

Furosemide,bumetanide, and torsemide

21
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of aldosterone receptor antagonists?

A

Answer: Aldosterone receptor antagonists block the action of aldosterone in the distal nephron, leading to increased sodium and water excretion.

22
Q

Name an example of an aldosterone receptor antagonist.

A

Spironolactone.Eplerenone

23
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of central alpha-2 agonists?

A

Central alpha-2 agonists stimulate alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the brainstem, reducing sympathetic outflow and lowering blood pressure.

24
Q

Name an example of a central alpha-2 agonist.

A

Clonidine.

25
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of peripheral alpha-1 blockers?

A

Peripheral alpha-1 blockers block alpha-1 adrenergic receptors in peripheral blood vessels, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

26
Q

Name an example of a peripheral alpha-1 blocker.

A

Prazosin

27
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of direct vasodilators?

A

Direct vasodilators relax vascular smooth muscle, leading to peripheral vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

28
Q

Which antihypertensive drugs are contraindicated in pregnancy due to teratogenic effects?

A

ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and direct renin inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy due to potential teratogenic effects.

29
Q

What are the major factors influencing arterial blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output, Total Peripheral resistance, stroke volume and HR.

30
Q

What Beta and M receptors are found in the heart

A

B1 and M2 receptors

31
Q

What receptors are found in arteries?

A

Alpha 1 and beta 2 receptors

32
Q

Which of the following is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Hypernatremia
d) Hypoglycemia

A

Answer: a) Hyperkalemia

33
Q

Beta-blockers exert their antihypertensive effect primarily by:
a) Blocking alpha receptors
b) Increasing renin secretion
c) Reducing heart rate and contractility
d) Dilating blood vessels

A

c) Reducing heart rate and contractility

34
Q

Which class of antihypertensive drugs is contraindicated in patients with asthma?
a) Beta-blockers
b) Calcium channel blockers
c) Diuretics
d) ACE inhibitors

A

a) Beta-blockers

35
Q

Calcium channel blockers primarily target:
a) Renin
b) Angiotensin II receptors
c) Aldosterone
d) Calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle

A

d) Calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle

36
Q

Diuretics lower blood pressure by:
a) Decreasing blood volume
b) Inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system
c) Increasing renin secretion
d) Blocking angiotensin II receptors

A

Answer: a) Decreasing blood volume

37
Q

Thiazide diuretics are commonly used as first-line therapy in hypertension because they:
a) Have a rapid onset of action
b) Are well tolerated and cost-effective
c) Have minimal side effects
d) Have a long duration of action

A

Answer: b) Are well tolerated and cost-effective

38
Q

Which of the following antihypertensive drugs can cause a persistent dry cough as a side effect?
a) Losartan
b) Amlodipine
c) Lisinopril
d) Propranolol

A

Answer: c) Lisinopril

39
Q

Which of the following drugs is NOT a calcium channel blocker?
a) Verapamil
b) Diltiazem
c) Amlodipine
d) Enalapril

A

Answer: d) Enalapril

40
Q

Which antihypertensive drug is commonly associated with a side effect known as “reflex tachycardia”?
a) ACE inhibitors
b) Beta-blockers
c) Calcium channel blockers
d) Diuretics

A

c) Calcium channel blockers

41
Q

Which of the following is a side effect associated with alpha-blockers used in hypertension treatment?
a) Bradycardia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Orthostatic hypotension
d) Hyperglycemia

A

c) Orthostatic hypotension

42
Q

Which of the following statements regarding angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) is true?
a) They inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
b) They increase aldosterone secretion.
c) They cause a dry cough as a common side effect.
d) They block the action of angiotensin II on its receptors.

A

Answer: d) They block the action of angiotensin II on its receptors.

43
Q

Which antihypertensive medication is known to cause peripheral edema as a common side effect?
a) Hydrochlorothiazide
b) Losartan
c) Amlodipine
d) Propranolol

A

c) Amlodipine

44
Q

Which class of antihypertensive drugs is associated with a risk of rebound hypertension if stopped abruptly?
a) Diuretics
b) Beta-blockers
c) Alpha-blockers
d) Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists

A

Answer: b) Beta-blockers

45
Q

Which antihypertensive medication is known to cause a side effect of photosensitivity?
a) Hydrochlorothiazide
b) Ramipril
c) Valsartan
d) Amlodipine

A

Answer: a) Hydrochlorothiazide

46
Q

How does ACE inhibitors affect the adrenal gland?

A

Affects the adrenal gland in 2 ways, via cortex- Decreases aldosterone in the blood, causes decrease in Na reabsorption in distal tubule and collecting duct, decrease in potassium secretion and decrease in H20 reabsorption–> leading to decrease in BV–> decrease in VR–> decrease in contractile force and decrease in SV–> decrease in CO–> decrease in MAP
via adrenal medulla: 3 parts: Decrease in adrenaline and noradrenaline–> affects the b2 arterioles, alpha 1 arterioles, b1 heart.
b2R- decrease in VSMC relax, Decrease vasodilation–> increase TPR
a1R- Decrease in VSMC contract–> decrease in vasoconstriction–> decrease in TPR (cancel) each other out,
Then the main one is the heart one–> decrease contractile force–> decrease SV–> decrease CO –> decrease HR–> decrease CO –> decrease MAP

47
Q

Which antihypertensive drug class is not as effective in patients with heart failure? (more than 1)
a) ACE inhibitors
b) Beta-blockers
c) Calcium channel blockers
d) Loop diuretics

A

Beta blockers & Calcium channel blockers

MN Pharmacology (11 decks)

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