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Anatomy BDS3 > Anterior Traingle > Flashcards

Anterior Traingle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck

A

Superiorly - inferior border of the mandible
Postioerly - anterior border of SCM
Anteriorly - midline of neck

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2
Q

What are the 4 subdivisions of the anterior triangle

A

Submental, Submandibular, carotid and muscular

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3
Q

What does the submandibular division of the anterior neck consist of

A

Submandibular gland, lymph nodes, parts of hypoglossal nerve, mylohyoid nerve and parts of facial artery and vein

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4
Q

What does the submental region of the anterior triangle contain

A

Submental lymph nodes and some small veins

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5
Q

What does the carotid part of the anterior triangle contain

A

Thyroid gland, larynx, pharnyx ; carotid sheath ( and its components), branches of the cervical plexuses, super root of asna cervical is and parts of CN11 and 12

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6
Q

What does the muscular region of the anterior triangle contain

A

Sternohyoid and sternothryoid muscles and thyroid and para thyroid glands

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7
Q

Name the 4 suprahyoid muscles
( connect to skull or mandible and hyoid )

A

Mylohyoid, Diagastric( anterior and posterior ) , stylohyoid and geniohyoid.

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8
Q

Name the 4 infrahyoid muscles
( connect to inferior structure and the hyoid bone - with one exempt)

A

Sternothyroid, omohyoid, sternohyoid and thryohyoid

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9
Q

What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles

A

They function to elevate the hyoid during swallowing and the larynx for tone production.

They constitute substance of the floor of mouth

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10
Q

Mylohyoid muscle origin

A

Originates at the mylohyoid line on the mandible

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11
Q

Where does the mylohyoid muscle insert

A

Into the body of the hyoid and the fibres of the opposite mylohyoid

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12
Q

Action of mylohyoid

A

Elevates the hyoid and the floor of the mouth and reinforces the floor of the oral cavity

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13
Q

Where are the origins of the anterior and posterior diagastric belly

A

Anterior - diagastric fossa on medial surface of the mandible
Posterior -mastoid notch on medial side of mastoid process

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14
Q

Where is the insertion of both the diagastric muscles

A

The intermediate tendon at the hyoid

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15
Q

What other function does the anterior belly have that the other suprahyoid muscles do not

A

Anterior belly functions to open the mouth by lowering the mandible

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16
Q

What is the innervation of the mylohyoid muscle

A

The nerve to mylohyoid which is a branch of IAN which is a branch of CNV3

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17
Q

Diagastric Muscles innervation

A

Anterior belly =nerve to mylohyoid

Posterior belly = diagastric branch of CN7

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18
Q

Origin, insertion, Action and innervation of stylohyoid

A

Originates at styloid process

Inserts - body of hyoid.

Action - pulls hyoid upwards

Innervation - CN7

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19
Q

Origin, insertion, action, innervation Geniohyoid

A

Origin - from mandible

Inserts - body of hyoid

Action - fixed mandible= elevates and pulls hyoid forward
- fixed hyoid =. Pulls mandible downwards and inwards

Innervation = via anterior ramus of C1 which travels with Hypoglossal Nerve

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20
Q

Origin, insertion and action of sternohyoid muscle

A

Origin - posterior surface of the sternoclavivular joint and manubrium

Inserts - into body of hyoid

Action- depresses hyoid after elevation during swallowing

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21
Q

What is the group function of the infra-hyoid muscles

A

They function as a group to depress the hyoid and larynx during swallowing and speech

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22
Q

Discuss the two planes of the infrahyoid muscles

A

Superficial = sternohyoid and omohyoid

Deep = thyrohyoid and sternothyroid

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23
Q

What are the two bellies of omohyoid connected by

A

The superior and inferior bellies of the omohyoid are connected by an intermediate tendon

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24
Q

Origins, instertion and action of omohyoid muscle

A

Origins; Superior belly -immediate tendon
inferior belly -superior border of the scapula

Inserts ; Superior belly - Hyoid bone
Inferior belly - intermidaite tendon in posterior triangle
Action - depresses and fixes the hyoid

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25
How is the omohyoid anchored to its immediate tendon at the Clavicle
By a facial sling
26
Thyrohyoid orgin insertion and action
Origin- oblique line on thyroid cartilage Inserts - greater horn and adjacent Body of hyoid Action - depresses hyoid ; can raise larynx when hyoid is fixed
27
Sternothyroid origin, action and insertion
Origin - at posterior surface of manubrium Inserts - into oblique line on thyroid cartilage Action - draws Larnyx downward
28
What is the innvervation of sternohyoid, omohyoid and sternothyroid
Anterior rami of C1-C3 ( through the ansa cerviaclis )
29
Thryrohyoid innervation
Anterior rami of C1 but the fibres run with CN12
30
The two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland extend from?
Thyroid cartilage to 5th tracheal ring
31
What is the level of the isthmus
Level of 3rd tracheal ring
32
The pyramidal lobe is on the thyroid gland is present in 80% of people - what is this the remenants of ?
Thyroglossal duct
33
What is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland
Superior thyroid artery ( 1st branch of external carotid) Inferior thyroid artery ( branch of thyrocervical trunk from subclavian )
34
Discuss venous drainage of the thyroid gland
Drained through the thyroid Venous plexus ; Superior thyroid and middle thyroid vein into the internal jugular vein The inferior thyroid vein into the brachiocephalic
35
In 10% of people there is an additional artery which supplies the thyroid , apart from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, what is this
The thyroid IMA artery Unpaired artery which usually arises from brachiocephalic trunk but can come from elsewhere
36
Why must the thyroid IMA artery be considered clinically
In midline neck procedures like an insertion of a surgical airway ( tracheostomy) as it is a potential bleeding risk
37
Where are the two pairs of parathyroid glands MOST COMMONLY present ( position can vary)
On posterior surface of the thyroid
38
What is the arterial supply of the parathyroid arteries
Inferior thyroid arteries
39
What is the nerve innervation of both the thyroid and parathyroid glands?
They are both innervated by the thyroid branches from the cervical ( sympathetic) ganglia Vasomotor fibres - cause blood vessel constriction
40
What are some implications of neck surgery surrounding the recurrent laryngeal nerves
The right reccrurent laryngeal nerve has a close relationship to the inferior thyroid artery and therefore during surgery there is a risk of damage Left one carries less risk
41
If there has been injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve or potential post surgical blood/exudate accumulation , how would this present
Hoarseness, temporary aphonia ( disturbance of voice production)
42
What are the two types of emergency and surgical airway procedures
Cricothyrotomy and Tracheostomy
43
What is a cricothryotomy
It is an emergency procedure, when a large bore needle is passsed through the cricothyroid ligament; this may be replaced by a small tracheostomy tube
44
What is a tracheostomy
More complex of surgical airway procedures Involves retraction of infrahyoid muslces and incision of isthmus of thyroid to insert tube between second and first or second and fourth tracheal rings to insert tracheostomy tube
45
Why is there more of a risk in children and neonates when carry out surgical airway procedures
In these groups the trachea is very soft and surgical procedures may carry a risk of damage to oesphagous which lies deep to trachea
46
What does the carotid sheath contain
The vagus nerve, the carotid arteries ( internal and part of external ) and the internal. Jugular vein The Ansa cervicalis usually lies on ( or is embedded in) the anterolateral aspect of the sheath
47
Where does the carotid sheath run from
From foramen of carotid Canal to the aortic arch
48
Where do the left and right Common carotid arteries come from?
Right common carotid artery is a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery is a DIRECT branch from the arch of the aorta
49
At what level do the Common carotid arteries branch
Branch at the level of C3/C4 into internal and external carotid
50
The internal carotid artery supplies what
THE BRAIN The internal carotid artery has no branches in the neck and ascends to carotid canal to supply the brain
51
What is the carotid sinus
It is an enlargement at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery which contains baroreceptors and pressoreceptors in the wall of internal carotid artery
52
What is the carotid sinus function?
It is important for monitoring blood pressure. The baroreceptors are sensitive to stretch when the bP increases and they note it and report to CN9 CN9 then carries it to the medulla and brain stem to return BP to normal homeostatic values
53
What is the carotid sinus inverted by
Innvervated by CN9 via carotid sinus nerve and CN10 Action potentials travel from the baroreptors through CN9 to the cardioregulatory system and vasometers in the medulla
54
What is the carotid body
Small organ which houses chemoreceptors location at bifurcation of CCA near the carotid sinus
55
What is the function of the carotid body
It has chemoreceptors and it is important in monitoring the blood 02,C02, ph and temperature. Stimulated by low blood 02 levels and initiates a reflex in emergency situations by increasing respiration, blood pressure and cardiac rate
56
What is the innervation of the carotid body
Innverated by CN9 via the carotid sinus nerve and CN10 Afferent fibres from the carotid body travel into the cardioregulatory and vasomotor centres in the medulla
57
What does the external carotid artery supply
Most structures external to the cranium
58
Which structures are the expection to being supplied by the ECA and what instead are they supplied by
The orbit and part of the forehead and the scalp and supplied by the supra-orbital artery
59
Where does the middle menigeal artery branch from and how does it enter the cranium
The middle meningeal artery is a branch of the maxillary artery which is a terminal branch of ECA
60
Where does the ECA terminate and what happens there
The ECA terminates and it is there that it gives off its last 2 branches the terminal branches - maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery
61
What are the 8 branches of the ECA
Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students Superficial Thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal
62
ECA - superior thyroid supply
Thyroid , muslces of larnyx and muscles of neck
63
ECA - Ascending pharyngeal Supply
Pharynx, palatine tonsils, dura mater, CN12,9 and 10
64
ECA - lingual artery supply
Tongue, salivary glands, soft palate, palatine tonsils and muslces attached to hyoid bone
65
ECA. - facial artery supply
Muscle of the face, cervical lymph nodes, palatine tonsils, lips and part of nose
66
ECA - occipital artery supply
Dura matter, the auricle, the SCM and deep posterior muscles of the back
67
ECA - Posterior auricular artery
Facial nerve , tympanic membrane and external auditory measutus
68
ECA - maxillary artery
Tympanic membrane. External ear, the mandible,the maxilla,the cal aria the dura mater, the nasal septum and many muslces of face
69
ECA- superficial temporal artery
Muslces and skin of face and scalp
70
What does the internal jugular vein drain?
The brain, skull and part of face and neck
71
What is the internal jugular vein a continuation of?
Sigmoid sinus Venous drainage in posterior cranial fossa
72
How does the internal jugular vein exit the skull and where does it enter
Exits skull via the jugular foramen and then enters the carotid sheath Runs lateral to CCA
73
Which veins drain into the internal jugular vein?
Parallel to branches of ECA and thyroid vessels
74
What is the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein
The internal jugular vein is continuous with the sigmoid sinus however its ORIGIN is demarcated by the superior bulb. At this superior bulb the inferior pectoral sinus enters
75
What is the small dilation before the internal jugular veins termination before joining subclavian vein called?
Inferior bulb and this bulb has bicuspid valves here to prevent backflow into the vein ( if say standing on head) whilst permitting blood flow to The heart
76
Which infrahyoid muscle runs across the internal jugular vein?
Omohyoid
77
What does the IJV vein merge with and what does this then become
The internal jugular vein joins with the subclavian vein to become the left and right brachiocephalic veins
78
Where does the external jugular vein begin?
At the angle of the mandible
79
How is the external jugular vein formed?
By the union of the posterior division of retromanidubular vein with posterior auricular vein
80
What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve
Temporal , zygomatic, buccal mandibular and cervical.
81
What nerve innervates the platysma muscle
Cervical branch of CN7 - facial nerve
82
What are the digastric muscle innervation
Digastric branch of CN7
83
Where does CN7 the facial nerve emerge
Stylomastiod foramen
84
Which cranial nerves emerge through the jugular foramen
Cranial nerves 9, 10 and 11 all emerge via the jugular foramen and travel downward between the IJC and the ICA
85
The recurrent laryngeal nerves are branches of the vagus nerve. What arteries do the right and left loop around
The right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the subclavian artery and the left loops around the arch of the aorta and brachiocephalic trunk
86
What two muscles does the accessory nerve cn11 innervate
The SCM and the trapezius
87
Which cranial nerve gives off the superior root of ansa cervicalis
Hypolossal nerve CN12
88
What is the main innervation to the infra hyoid muscles
Ansa cervicalis ( anterior rami C1-C3)
89
Which nerve supplies cutaneous innervation over SCM and anterior triangle
Transverse cervical nerve ( anterior rami of C2 and C3)
90
Where does the phrenic nerve run across?
The anterior scalene muscle on the right Crosses anterior to subclavian artery on left
91
What supplies the upper limb
Brachial plexus ( C5-T1)

Anatomy BDS3 (19 decks)

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