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Block 3 Up To Quiz 1 > ANS Review > Flashcards

ANS Review Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical divisions nervous system

A

CNS PNS

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2
Q

CNS

A

brain spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

ANS and somatic motor system

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4
Q

ANS

A
  • visceral - involutnary - innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands - neuroeffector junctions - central regulator not total control of things it innervates - widely distributed throughout body - Gi gets central regulation through ANS
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5
Q

Somatic Motor System

A
  • voluntary (except breathing which can be voluntary and unconscious) - innervates skeletal muscle at neuromuscular junctions
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6
Q

anatomical connections ANS

A
  • afferent fibers - central connections - efferent fibers
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7
Q

afferent fibers

A
  • first link in reflex arc in ANS - arise from visceral structures, cell bodies in DRG and sensory ganglia - collect info from sensory receptors
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8
Q

afferent fibers convey

A
  • info into system acted on by efferents via reflexes mediated mostly in CNS
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9
Q

central connections what are they and what structures are involved

A
  • synapses happen rapidly in spinal cord and go blackout via efferents or go up to brain w/ in CNS afferent info processed and integrated and efferent response = initiated 1. spinal cord 2. Medulla oblongata 3. Hypothalamus 4. Cerebral cortex
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10
Q

spinal cord

A

direct connections between afferents and efferents mediate reflex changes in blood pressure, sweat production, micturition

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11
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

blood pressure and respiration controlled here

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12
Q

hypothalamus

A

principle locus of integration; control: - body temp - water balance - carbohydrate metabolism - sexual reflexes - autonomic and emotional response

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13
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • volitional changes and coordinated autonomic response controlled here
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14
Q

Efferent fibers

A
  • can effect output centrally 2 nerve cells plus effector generally involved - preganglionic fibers - post ganglionic fibers
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15
Q

preganglionic fibers

A
  • exit SC terminate in ganglia - acetylcholine neurotransmitter released by preganglionc nerves at autonomic ganglia
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16
Q

chemical connection between pre and post ganglionic fibers

A

nicotinic cholinergic synapse (acetylcholine)

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17
Q

postganglionic fibers

A
  • exit ganglia innervate effect cells/ organs - acetylcholine from pregang fiber -> action potential -> depolarization nerve ending -> neurotransmitter release at neuroeffector junciton
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18
Q

neuroeffector junction neurotransmitters

A
  • acetylcholine- mediates muscarinic cholinergic transmission - norepinephrine- mediates adrenergic transmission
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19
Q

adrenal medulla ganglionic transmission

A

causes release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood to act as hormone

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20
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • craniosacral outflow - preganglionic fibers - post ganglionic neurons - innervation discrete - NO HORMONE
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21
Q

craniosacral outflow PNS

A
  • preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain (CN III), medulla oblongata (CN VII, IX, X), Sacral SC segments 2-4
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22
Q

pregandlionc fibers length and synapse where PNS

A

long synapse on or within target organ

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23
Q

pregangiolic fibers synapse in what galia PNS

A
  • cilliary ganglia (CN III) - Submandbular ganglia (CN VII) - Otic ganglion (CNIX) - Terminal ganglia heart, lungs, liver, spleen, GI tract kidney (CN X) - terminal ganglia bladder, rectum, sex organs (pelvic nerves)
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24
Q

post ganglionic neurons length and innervate what PNS

A

short, innervate target organs

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25
Q

cranial divisions post ganglionic neurons PNS

A

innervate eye, salivary glands, heart, bronchi, stomach, intestine

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26
Q

sacral division post ganglionic neurons PNS

A

innervate bladder, colon, urinary and rectal sphincters, and genital organs

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27
Q

discrete innervation PNS

A

usually pre:post ganglionic fiber ration 1:1

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28
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • thoracolumbar outflow - pregangionic fibers - postganglionc neurons - adrenal medulla - innervation diffuse
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29
Q

thoracolumbar outflow

A
  • preganglionic fibers originate in intermediolateral columns of SC from 1st thoracic to 3rd lunar section
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30
Q

pregangioèic fibers length synapse symp nervous system

A

short, synapse before target organ in vertebral ganglia or prevertebral ganglia

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31
Q

vertebral ganglia

A

symp NS - includes cervical ganglia

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32
Q

prevertebral ganglia

A

in abdomen - celiac - superior mesenteric - inferior mesenteric

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33
Q

post ganglio neurons length innervation symp ns

A
  • long innervate target organs
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34
Q

post gang neuron fibers from vertebral ganglia

A

innervate blood vessels, eyes, salivary glands, heart, bronchi, sweat glands, hair follicles

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35
Q

post gang neuron fibers from prevertebral ganglia

A

innervate stomach, intestine, bladder, urianry and renal sphincters, and genital organs

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36
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

embryologically and fnx symp ganglion innervated by typically symp pregang neuons

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37
Q

diffuse innervation

A

symp ns pre: post ganglionic fiber ration 1:10 to 1:20

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38
Q

control ANS vs somatic motor system

A

ANS unconscious (primary) SMS voluntary

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39
Q

innervation ANS vs somatic motor system

A

ANS all structures except skeletal muscles SMS only skeletal muscles

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40
Q

synaptic junctions ANS vs somatic motor system

A

ANS in ganglia outside CNS SMS entirely within CNS

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41
Q

effects of denervation ANS vs SMS

A

ANS automatic activity independent of innervation (ANS is regulation so can function w/o it just not as well) SMS paralysis and atrophy

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42
Q

chemical transmission

A

info transferred between neurons or from neuron to effector cell across synaptic/ junctional cleft by neurotransmitters; neurotransmitter acts on specific receptor proteins on postganglionic neuron or target organ cell

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43
Q

neurotransmission and ANS

A

synaptic jucntions= between neurons; in ANS these exist in ganglia

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44
Q

neuroeffector junction

A

NEJ- post junctional cell muscle cell, gland. ect.; in ANS on NEJ on effector organs

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45
Q

Neurochemical organization of ANS

A
  • prejuncitonal release - post junctional receptors
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46
Q

prejunctional release neurotransmitters

A

-acetylcholine (released at all ganglia and parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions and at neuromuscular junctions) - norepinephrine (released at almost all sympathetic neuroeffector junctions)

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47
Q

postjuncitonal receptors

A
  • acetylcholine interacts with cholinergic receptors to produce post junctional receptors: - norepinephrine and epinephrine interact with adrenergic receptors to produce effects at sympathetic NEJ and hormone receptors
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48
Q

cholinergic receptors

A
  • nicotinic receptors- in all ganglia and at NMJ; major distinction between muscle and neuronal receptors; selective activation ny nicotine - muscarinic receptors- in all parasympathetic NEJ; 5 receptor subtypes M1-M5; selective activation by muscarine
49
Q

adrenergic receptors types

A

alpha- a1 and a2 subtypes beta- b1 b2 b3 subtypes

50
Q

events of neurotransmission in prejunctional neuron

A
  • synthesis and storage neurotransmitter - initiation and propagation action potential - release transmitter from nerve terminal - presynaptic modulation release - inactivation of transmitter by reuptake or metabolic alteration
51
Q

events of neurotransmission in neuroeffector/ synaptic junction (extracellular space)

A
  • diffusion transmitter to effector cell - local inactivation enzymes - nerve terminal for reuptake and/ or into greater extracellular space and transport to other organs for metabolism and excretion
52
Q

events at effector cell

A
  • interaction transmitter with receptor - signal transduction and cellular response
53
Q

signal transduction and cellular response steps

A
  1. receptor activation specific G-proteins 2. Activated G-proteins interact with various effectors (ex. adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, and/ or ion channels) 3. Changes in effector activity affect various protein activities and cell fnxs
54
Q

activation various protein kinases

A
  • due to Changes in effector activity affect various protein activities and cell fnxs catalyze phosphorylation of proteins and alter protein function
55
Q

changes in ion channel activity

A
  • due to Changes in effector activity affect various protein activities and cell fnxs either by interaction G-protein or by phosphorylation or dephosphorylation -> changes electrical excitability
56
Q

increase in intracellular Ca2+

A
  • due to Changes in effector activity affect various protein activities and cell fnxs - result from IP3-induced release from intracellular stores or from increased conductance Ca2+ channels affecting release hormones or transmitters, secretion in gland cells, increased force and frequency of contraction in muscle ect.
57
Q

Junctional events in neurotransmission

A
  • in prejunecitonal neurons - in neuroeffector/ synaptic junction - events at effector cell - organ effects - elimination of transmitter
58
Q

Organ effects

A
  • smooth muscle - pacemakers - glands - metabolic changes
59
Q

smooth muscle

A

contracts or relaxes (changes in amplitude and/ or frequency)

60
Q

pacemakers

A

(ex heart) acceleration or deceleration of rhythmic firing

61
Q

glands

A

stimulation or inhibition of secretion

62
Q

metabolic changes

A

can be direct (glycogenolysis or lipolysis) or indirect (changes in oxygen consumption consequent to altered contractile state of the heart)

63
Q

elimination of transmitter

A
  • termination of action by metabolic inactivation or removal by uptake (and diffusion)
64
Q

outflow parasympathetic vs sympathetic

A

parasympathetic- craniosacral sympathetic- thoracolumbar

65
Q

length efferent fibers parasympathetic vs sympathetic

A

paraysympathetic preganglionic long post ganglionic short sympathetic preganglionc short post ganglionic long

66
Q

types of innervation parasympathetic vs sympathetic

A

parasympathetic- discrete symapthetic- diffuse

67
Q

neurotransmitters parasympathetic vs sympathetic

A

parasympathetic ganglia- acetycholine neuroeffector junctions- acetylcholine sympathetic ganglia- acetycholine neuroeffector junctions- norepinephrine (except sweat glands, vasodilators in skeletal muscle and adrenal medulla)

68
Q

effector organ responess

A
  • response post ganglionic release transmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory; response is tissue specific - in most organ systems both divisions (symp and parasympathetic) exert tonic action holding effectors in state of intermediate activity
69
Q

receptors parasympathetic vs sympathetic

A

parasympathetic ganglia- nicotinic cholinergic neuroeffector junecionts- muscarinic cholinergic sympathetic ganglia- nicotina cholinergic neuroeffector junctions- adrenergic

70
Q

post junctional excitation

A
  • leads to increased force and/or frequency of muscle contraction, increase secretion in glands
71
Q

examples post junctional excitation

A
  • sympathetic adrenergic innervation -> contraction vascular smooth muscle - parasympathetic cholinergic receptors stimulation contraction GI smooth muscle
72
Q

post junctional inhibition

A
  • post junctional inhibition, decreasing contraction, secretion ect.
73
Q

examples post junctional inhibition

A
  • parasympathetic cholinergic innervation -> decreased freqnecy of contraction of cardiac muscles - sympathetic adrenergic innervation -> relaxation GI smooth muscle
74
Q

parasympathetic nervous system effects

A
  • discrete and selective - important for vegetative functions and maintenance of status quo, acts to conserve and restore energy; rest and digest - its innervation to some organs is essential for life
75
Q

parasympathetic nervous system dual innervation predominant tone

A

parasympathetic

76
Q

parasympathetic nervous system examples of responses

A
  • decrease heart rate - decrease blood pressure - increase GI motility and secretions - increase absorption or nutrients - increase excretory functions - increase salivary section - constriction of bronchioles - miosis
77
Q

sympathetic nervous system effects

A
  • generally diffuse and nonselective system usually discharges as unit (some selectivity in organs like heart and blood vessels) - important for survival during stress (flight or flight)
78
Q

body survival without SNS?

A
  • body can survive w/o SNS but some protective functions will be lost
79
Q

examples of responses from SNS

A
  • increase heart rate - increase blood pressure - increase blood flow to skeletal muscle - decrease blood flow to skin and splanchnic bed - increase blood glucose - dilation of bronchioles - mydriasis
80
Q

interactions between parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

A
  • most organs have dual innervation - opposing effects - complementary effects - no interaction
81
Q

what organ does NOT have dual innervation for parasympathetic and sympathetic NS

A

blood vessels which only receive sympathetic innervation

82
Q

opposing effects interaction between paraysympathetic and sympathetic systems

A
  • most common balanced antagonism (ex heart and bladder) - most system may heavily predominate (ex. in GI tract parasympathetic)
83
Q

complementary effects interaction between parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

A
  • ex. in salivary gland PNS stimualtes watery secretion and SNS stimulates viscous secretion - ex. in male genitalia PNS mediates errection SNS mediates ejaculation (point and shoot)
84
Q

no interaction interaction between parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

A
  • organ innervated selectively by one system (ex blood vessels)
85
Q

Sites for drug action in ANS

A
  • cerebral cortex (high CNS centers) - lower brain centers and medullary centers - autonomic afferents - autonomic eferents - effector organ
86
Q

autonomic efferents drug action site ANS

A

-autonomic ganglia- not selectivity for symp or parasympathetic ganglia but more symp post gang gibers than parasympathetic fibers so predominant response to stimulation at ganglia = sympathetic - neuroeffector junction

87
Q

effector organ drug action site ANS

A
  • ANS not directly involved - interference with effector function (ex. cardiac glycosides, calcium channel antagonists)
88
Q

Major considerations in predicting drug action

A
  • pharmacokinetics of drug - mechanism of action of drug - type of receptor/ response altered - effect of stimulation or inhibition of particular receptor on organ - regulation of “normal tone” of organ - Reflex compensation
89
Q

drug actions at synapse and neuroeffector junction

A
  • agonists or mimetic drugs - antagonists or lytic drugs
90
Q

agonists or mimetic drugs

A
  • directly acting - indirectly acting
91
Q

directly aging

A

effect mediated by direct activation of receptor

92
Q

indirectly acting

A
  • effect mediated through increased concentration transmitter at receptors by inducing release transmitter from terminal or inhibiting inactivation of transmitter
93
Q

inhibiting inactivation of transmitter

A

can be by inhibiting reuptake or of inactivating enzymes

94
Q

indirectly acting effect can reflect

A

binding to an allosteric site on receptor which potentiates transmitter action

95
Q

antagonists or lytic drugs

A
  • competitive antagonists - non-completive/ allosteric antagonists - antagonist at nerve terminal
96
Q

competitive antagonists

A
  • drugs block receptor activation by occupying agonist binding site preventing transmitter or mimetic drug from interacting with receptor
97
Q

noncompetitive/ allosteric antagonists

A
  • drugs block receptor activation by binding to site separate from agonist binding site therefore preventing transmitter or mimetic drug from interacting with or activating the receptor
98
Q

antagonist at nerve terminal

A

effect mediated through reduced concentration of transmitter at receptor which can be via - inhibition of synthesis of transmitter (by inhibition of uptake of substrate, by interference with synthetic steps, by causing synthesis of “false transmitter” - depletion of transmitter - inhibition of release of transmitter

99
Q

Heart will beat w/o

A

autonomic innervation

100
Q

blood vessels and heart are exception to

A

they are regulated by sympathetic system and this is exception to fight/ flight bc while this is fight/ flight its tight/ discrete regulation

101
Q

ANS basically

A

who = peripheral affects everyone

102
Q

skeletal muscle primarily effected by

A

hormone epinephrine these= entities to diff organ systems with diff drugs

103
Q

tone

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic = both firing at same level all the time

104
Q

acetylcholine with ligand gated ion channel opposing it what happens if block these

A

loose all parasympathetic and sympathetic tone and die

105
Q

neuroeffector junction follows pattern of

A

somatic innervation to muscle; innervation by efferents lands on organ system (must. contacts between nerve and innervated organ)

106
Q

some cholinergic neuroeffector junctions but generally

A

norepinephrine NT for symp division

107
Q

nicotinic

A

nerve to nerve open and depolarize post ganglionic cell and skeletal muscle = not related to muscarinic Its at neuromuscular junctions but both use acetylcholine

108
Q

muscarinic

A

GPCRs at NMJs

109
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

norepinephrine NT

110
Q

AP ->

A

Ca2+ flow in -> fusion -> NT release b/c vesicle fusion

111
Q

inactivation of transimitter by reuptake or metabolic alteration

A
  • adrenergic= reuptake
112
Q

neg feedback controls

A

how much transmitter release

113
Q

horse

A
  • adrenergic not cholinergic
114
Q

adrenal medulla is

A

ganglia

115
Q

norepinephrine can be

A

excitatory or inhibitory depends on organ

116
Q

vagal tone driven by what system

A

parasympathetic on heart; increase heart rate if decrease w/ drug HR lead to increase (atropine)

117
Q

heart / blood vessels =

A

regulated minute to minute

118
Q

balanced antagonism

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic 1 turns it up 1 turns it down

119
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic generally

A

oppose each other

Block 3 Up To Quiz 1 (24 decks)

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