ANS anatomy and physiology

Question 1

physiology of PNS on muscarinic receptor activation in the heart

Answer 1

1. Decreased heart rate and av conduction and rate via effects on nodal cells
2. Reduced atrial contractility via cardiac muscle

Question 2

physiology of PNS on muscarinic receptor activation on vascular

Answer 2

1. vasodilation M3 via endothelial cells

Note: M3 receptors are not innervated- activation of the PNS does not result in vasodilation

They can be activated by muscarinic agonist drugs

Question 3

mneumonic of muscarinic activation

Answer 3

Bradycardia
Bronchospam

Salivation
Lacrimation 
Urination 
Defication
Gi- cramping emesis 
Eye-miosis

Question 4

a Persons HR and contraction increase along with a increase in force of contraction. Which adrenergic receptor was activated

Answer 4

beta 1

Question 5

Cutaneous, mucous membranes, splanchnic vessels are mediated by what adrenergic receptor?

Answer 5

alpha 1

Question 6

Vasoconstriction mediate by _______ receptors contributes significantly to increase in total peripheral resistance

Answer 6

alpha 1

Question 7

Skeletal muscle is mediated by what to adrenergic receptors?

Answer 7

alpha 1 and beta 2

Question 8

Which adrenergic receptor mediates vasoconstriction and which does vasodilation

Answer 8

alpha 1 for constriction

beta 2 for dilation

Question 9

If B2 receptors are activated what will happen to the blood flow (increase/decrease) to muscle and what will happen to the peripheral resistance (increase/decrease)

Answer 9

1. Increase

2. Decrease

Question 10

Renal vasculature is mediated by which two adrenergic receptors?

Answer 10

D1 and alpha 1

Question 11

D1 receptor cause what (vasodilation or vasoconstriction)

Answer 11

Vasodilation

Question 12

When someone has a very high dose of DA _______ gets released causing __________ via ________ receptors

Answer 12

1. Norepinephrine
2. Vasoconstriction
3. alpha 1

Question 13

BP is mediated by 3 adrenergic receptors which ones are they?

Answer 13

alpha 1
beta 1
beta 2

Question 14

What kind of heart rate can occur which is considered a reflex to alpha 1 stimulation

Answer 14

bradycardia, alpha 1 cause vasoconstriction and thus increase in Total peripheral resistance and Blood pressure

Question 15

The heart primarily consists of what kind of adrenergic receptor?

Answer 15

B1 which increases HR and force of contraction

Question 16

If Beta 2 adrenergic receptors are innervated total peripheral resistance decrease causing BP to decrease so what kinds of reflex (HR) could occur

Answer 16

Tachycardia to try and increase CO

Question 17

Someone just opened relaxed their bronchial smooth muscle aka bronchodilation what receptor did they activate?

Answer 17

beta 2, just like with the heart beta 2 cause vasodilation and arteries have smooth muscle so beta 2 smooth muscle

Question 18

Say you wanted someone to suffocate and make it look like an accident you would want to switch their beta 2 agonist with what type of adrenergic receptor?

Answer 18

an alpha 1 receptor because it cause constriction… not sure if this would work but might help it stick

Question 19

During sympathetic innervation you want you eyes to dilate so you can see everything. what adrenergic receptor is responsible for this?

Answer 19

alpha 1 cause mydriasis

Question 20

When someone has glaucoma they have increased intraocular pressure and to help with this you give timolol drops. Knowing this, what adrenergic receptor is responsible for increased production of aqueous humor?

Answer 20

beta receptors because timolol is a beta blocker

Question 21

A decrease in neurotransmitter release with presynaptic nerve terminals is caused by what adrenergic receptor?

Answer 21

alpha 2

Question 22

Relaxation of the smooth muscle in the GI tract is caused by what two adrenergic receptors?

Answer 22

beta 2 and beta 3

Question 23

If someone has just had a release of the adrenergic alpha 2 receptor will they be able to have contraction of smooth muscle in the GI tract?

Answer 23

No because alpha 2 is an inhibitory adrenergic receptor so it stops the release of ach and thus no ach mediated muscle contraction

Question 24

If a gland is unable too secrete due to the inability of the release of Ach to act on Ach mediated muscle contraction, what adrenergic receptor do you think is responsible?

Answer 24

alpha 2 because of its effect on presynaptic

Question 25

Match the following i.e number with letter 1. uterine smooth muscle 2. uretal sphincter, bladder base, prostate 3. bladder wall musculature 4. ejaculation A. Alpha 1 B. beta 2 and 3 promoting urine c. Beta 2 causing relaxation d. Alpha 1 causing contraction

Answer 25

1 and C 2 and D 3 and B 4 and A

Question 26

Activation of what adrenergic receptor causes a marked tremor (hint propanolol is used to treat essential tremors)

Answer 26

Beta-2 receptor

Question 27

Beta 2 adrenergic receptor has what effect on metabolism

Answer 27

increased blood glucose your running from the bear so you need glucose for energy so your sympathetic nervous system kicks in activating Beta 2

Question 28

You have been running from a beast for a long time and your out of glucose so now you want to break down fat. What adrenergic receptor is activated for this?

Answer 28

beta 3

Question 29

For some reason your body secretes way to much insulin so you want to decrease this. What adrenergic receptor should you activate?

Answer 29

alpha 2 will decrease insulin secretion

Question 30

Well damn now you body doesn't secrete enough insulin which adrenergic receptor do you need to now activate?

Answer 30

beta 2

Question 31

Nicotinic come from autonomic ganglia. what is their effect on cardiovascular

Answer 31

primarily sympathetic via adrenal epi release or neuronal NE release

Question 32

Nicotinic receptor effects on GI/urinary tract

Answer 32

primarily PSNS effects via postganglionic acetycholine release this increases GI motility, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urination

Question 33

Nicotinic effects on brain

Answer 33

1. Mild alerting effect 2. Activates "reward" pathway in limbic system 3. Convulsion can occur at toxic dose

Question 34

How do direct agonists drugs work?

Answer 34

mimicking the neurotransmitter action at the receptor.

Question 35

So how does an antagonist drug work?

Answer 35

Blocking the neurotransmitter action at the receptor

Question 36

how do parasympatholytic and sympatholytic agents work?

Answer 36

They change the normal action of the neurotransmitter aka indirect agonist 1. increase or decrease synthesis 2. Increase or decrease storage and release 3. Block inactivation after release

Question 37

Would you rather use drugs that act post-synaptically or pre-synaptically?

Answer 37

Post-synaptically because they have the greates selectivity and most clinically useful. They act at specific receptor subtypes as either agonist or antagonist

Question 38

How do drugs that act pre-synaptically work?

Answer 38

by altering synthesis, storage or release, or inactivation mechanism

Question 39

Why are pre-synaptically drugs less useful?

Answer 39

because they effect all synapses for neurotransmitter regardless of which receptor subtype is present

Question 40

You gave your patient Pyridostigmine to treat myasthenia gravis by inhibiting the breakdown of Ach. is this a indirect cholinergic agonist or direct cholinergic agonist

Answer 40

indirect because it stops cholinesterase from breaking down ACH so therefore indirectly assisting Ach