ANS

Question 1

what are alpha 1 receptors called

Answer 1

vasopressors

Question 2

what is the fuction of alpha 1 and where are they located

Answer 2

they are resposible for smooth mucles vasocontriction when stimulated

• found on in the postsynaptic space unlike alpha 2 which are found in the presynaptic space

Question 3

give an example of a vasopressor

Answer 3

phenylephedrine

Question 4

what are beta 1 receptors called and what are they specific to

Answer 4

ionotropes, they are specific to the heart

Question 5

what is an example of an inotrope

Answer 5

dobutamine

Question 6

what does alpha 1 stimulation lead to

Answer 6

increased contractility of the heart muscle

Question 7

give an example of an alpha and beta antagonist and what it does

Answer 7

Labetalol, it drops blood pressure and heart rate

Question 8

why cant you give beta blockers to asmatics

Answer 8

• they can cause bronchospasm due to blockage of the beta 2 receptor

Question 9

what does magnasium salphate do

Answer 9

• treats unexplained high blood pressure
• give 1to 2 grams.
• also used to treat preeclampsia
• can also be used to treat asthma

Question 10

what do Alpha receptor antagonists treat

Answer 10

• pheochromocytoma
• ## they oppose the function of phenylephedrine

Question 11

give examples of alpha receptor antagonists and where they act

Answer 11

• Phentolamine – α1 and 2
• Phenoxybenzamine - α1 (non-competitive)
• Prazosin and Doxazosin - α1

Question 12

what is the afferent pathway important for

Answer 12

• reflex regulation
• sensory feedback
• it travels from tartget/peripheral tissue to CNS

Question 13

indirect acting cholinegic agent

what does rivastigmine treat

Answer 13

Alzheimers

Question 14

indirect acting cholinegic agent

what does Neostigmine treat

Answer 14

• Myasthenia gravis
• is a reversal agent for non-depolarising muscle relaxants following surgery

Question 15

indirect acting cholinegic agent

what does physostigmine treat

Answer 15

Myasthenia gravis

Question 16

indirect acting cholinegic agent

what does pyridostigmine treat

Answer 16

• Myasthenia gravis
• is a reversal agent for non-depolarising muscle relaxants following surgery

Question 17

indirect acting cholinegic agent

what is edrophonium used for

Answer 17

diagnosis of myastigna gravis

Question 18

which agent is the only irreversible indirect acting cholinegic agent

Answer 18

Organophosphorus compounds

Question 19

Direct acting cholinergic agents (agonists)

what is Methacholien used for

Answer 19

to asess airway reversibility in the diagnosis of asthma

Question 20

Direct acting cholinergic agents (agonists)

what is Pilocarpine used for

Answer 20

for the management of glaucoma in consultation with a specialist

Question 21

Direct acting cholinergic agents (agonists)

what is mascarine and where is it found

Answer 21

• it is an alkaloid toxin
• it can be found in wild mashrooms

Question 22

what is the most frequent early sign of myastigna gravis

Answer 22

• drooping eye lid
• diagnosis can be confirmed by using neostigmine

Question 23

what happens in myastigna gravis

Answer 23

you have receptors for ach blocked by antibodeis and this then in turn causes muscular weakness

Question 24

what does DUMBELSS stand for and what causes this phenomenon

Answer 24

• diarrhoea
• urination
• miosis
• bronchocontriction
• skeletal exitation
• lacrimation
• salvation
• sweating
• this is caused by prolonged exposure of Ach due to the blockage of AchE inhibition to help improve muscle strength in autoimmune disorders such as neostigmine.

Question 25

what are the principle sof neurotransmission

Answer 25

• syntheis
• storage
• release
• interaction
• removal/degradation

Question 26

what is clonidine and what does it do

Answer 26

• it is a antihypertensive drug that lowers BP by binding to presynaptic alpha 2 receptors with inhibition of the release of NA (which acts are vasoconstrictor).

Question 27

what is the treatment for organophosphate poisoining

Answer 27

Atropine

Question 29

what is Ipratropium Bromide used to treat

Answer 29

Asthma and COPD

Question 30

when is Glycopyyrolate used

Answer 30

It is used in perioperative medicine for reduction of secretions, prevention of bronchoconstriction and bradycardia.

Question 31

what is Imipramine and what does it do

Answer 31

TCA with strong antimuscarinic action, reduced bladder contraction, reduces incontinence

Question 32

what is Oxybutynin and what does it do

Answer 32

cholinergic stimulation of bladder leads to detrusor muscle contraction, therefore blocking cholinergic stimulation will have urinary antispasmodic effect.

Question 33

what are the direct acting muscurinic agonists

Answer 33

• pilocarpine
• methacholine
• muscurine

Question 34

what are the indirect reversible acting musurinic agonits

Answer 34

• neostigmine
• rivastigmine
• physisostignine
• pyridostigmine
• endrophonium

Question 35

**

what are the Muscurinic antagonist

Answer 35

• Atropine
• glycopyrulate
• oxybutanin
• ipratoprium bromide