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High Risk OB > Anomalies in Polyhydramnios 3 > Flashcards

Anomalies in Polyhydramnios 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differential diagnoses of abdominal cysts?

A

ovarian cysts, mesenteric cysts, omental cysts, enteric duplication cysts, urachal cyst

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2
Q

An anomaly of the ______ can cause urachal pathology

A

allantois

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3
Q

Where are urachal cysts located in relation to the bladder?

A

anterior

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4
Q

Pseudoascites is caused by?

A

hypoechoic abdominal muscles mimic fluid along anterior abdomen

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5
Q

Ascites is associated with?

A

fetal hydrops

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6
Q

Esophageal atresia

A

absence of stomach

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7
Q

Why does esophageal atresia cause polyhydramnios?

A

fetus cannot swallow fluid

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8
Q

Duodenal atresia

A

blockage of duodenum

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9
Q

Duodenal atresia has _____ AFP levels

A

normal

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10
Q

Duodenal atresia is associated with what sign?

A

“double bubble sign”; distended stomach and proximal duodenum

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11
Q

Jejunoileal atresia is also known as?

A

bowel atresia

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12
Q

Jejunoileal atresia is associated with?

A

meconium ileus and cystic fibrosis

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13
Q

How does jejunoileal atresia appear sonographically?

A

three adjacent “cysts”; stomach duodenum, jejunum

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14
Q

Meconium ileus

A

impacted thick meconium in distal ileum

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15
Q

Meconium ileus is associated with?

A

cystic fibrosis

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16
Q

How does meconium ileus appear sonographically?

A

ileum is filled with echogenic material

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17
Q

Meconium peritonitis

A

bowel perforation caused by bowel atresia or meconium ileus

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18
Q

How does meconium peritonitis appear sonographically?

A

calcifications throughout abdomen

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19
Q

Echogenic bowel is associated with?

A

cystic fibrosis, infection, intrauterine growth retardation, chromosomal anomalies

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20
Q

True or False: A fetus with echogenic bowel will never have a normal outcome

A

False; normal outcome if isolated

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21
Q

Fetal gallstones are associated with?

A

cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia

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22
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

secretion of extra mucus, especially on the stomach and pancreas

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23
Q

Cystic fibrosis is also known as?

A

mucoviscidosis

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24
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

RBCs are crescent shaped, stiff, and sticky; abnormal hemoglobin; decreased mobility

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25
Gastroschisis has _____ AFP levels
elevated
26
Gastroschisis
abdominal wall defect; free floating small bowel in amniotic cavity
27
Gastroschisis is typically located _____ of the umbilical CI
right
28
True or False: Gastroschisis has a good prognosis
true
29
Omphalocele
**midline** abdominal wall defect; herniated intestines covered by amion and peritoneum
30
Omphalocele usually has _______ AFP levels
elevated
31
True or False: Omphalocele has a good prognosis
False; poor prognosis
32
Cloacal exstrophy
defect of the ventral body wall
33
Cloaca
structure from which the rectum and urogenital sinus develops
34
Cloacal exstrophy is also called?
OEIS complex
35
OEIS complex stands for?
Omphalocele, exstrophy of the bladder, imperforate anus, spina bifida
36
OEIS complex has _____ AFP levels
elevated
37
Limb-body wall complex is characterized by?
major abdominal wall defect (abdominoschisis), severe kyphoscoliosis, short/absent umbilical cord
38
Abdominoschisis
entire abdomen is open
39
Limb-body wall complex is also known as?
body-stalk anomaly
40
VACTERL Syndrome
Vertebral, Anus, Cardiac, Tracheo-esophageal fistula, Esophageal atresia, Renal, Limb
41
Achondrogensis
genetic disorder that affects bone and cartilage development during fetal growth
42
What is the second most common lethal skeletal dysplasia?
Achondrogenesis
43
Skeletal abnormalities associated with achondrogenesis
extremely short stature, shortened limbs, small head with large forehead, narrow chest, spinal deformities
44
Campomelic dysplasia
genetic disorder that affects the development of skeleton, reproductive organs, and other systems
45
Main features of Campomelic dysplasia
short stature with **bowed long bones**, clubfeet, macrocephaly, flat face with prominent forehead, cleft palate, heart defects, respiratory problems, underdeveloped reproductive organs
46
Osteogenesis imperfecta
disorder of collagen production; brittle bones and multiple fractures
47
Which type of osteogenesis imperfecta is the most lethal?
type II
48
Osteogenesis imperfecta type II characteristics
detected prenatally; multiple fractures, short bones, bell chest, thin cranium
49
Sonographic features of osteogenesis imperfecta type II
decreases ossification, decreased echogenicity, decreased attenuation, compressible calvaria, shortened limbs
50
How does OI affect the sclera?
sclera of eye becomes thinner and translucent which shows underlying tissue
51
Short Rib-Polydactyly syndrome (SRPS)
lethal skeletal disorders that affect the ribs, limbs, and fingers
52
Why is SRPS lethal?
causes severe pulmonary hypoplasia
53
SRPS is characterized by?
short ribs, short limbs, and extra digits
54
Characteristics of homozygous achondroplasia
**trident hand**, short stature, respiratory problems, macrocephaly, frontal bossing
55
What is the most common lethal skeletal dysplasia?
Thanatophoric dysplasia
56
Characteristics of thanatophoric dysplasia
severe rhizomelia, micromelia, bowing of limbs, **clover leaf skull (kleeblattschadel)**, macrocephaly, frontal bossing, bell shapes chest, protuberant abdomen
57
What is the most common non-lethal skeletal dysplasia?
heterozygous achondroplasia
58
What is the most common kind of human dwarfism?
heterozygous achondroplasia
59
Characteristics of heterozygous achondroplasia
shortened limbs, enlarged skull, shortened vertebrae, small space between middle fingers, shortened iliac bones
60
Arthrogryposis
rare condition with multiple joint contractures present at birth
61
Arthrogryposis is also called?
arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
62
What is the most common single contracture with arthrogryposis?
congenital clubfoot
63
Micromelia
entire limb is short
64
rhizomelia
prox portion of limb is short
65
mesomelia
mid portion of limb is short
66
acromelia
dis portion of the limb is short
67
phocomelia
mid portion of limb is absent
68
hemimelia
dis portion of the limb is absent
69
amelia
absent limb
70
acheiria
absent hand
71
apodia
absent foot
72
adactyly
absent digits
73
polydactyly
extra digits
74
clinodactyly
overlapping digits
75
syndactyly
fused/webbed feet

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