Anomalies in Polyhydramnios 3 Flashcards
What are the differential diagnoses of abdominal cysts?
ovarian cysts, mesenteric cysts, omental cysts, enteric duplication cysts, urachal cyst
An anomaly of the ______ can cause urachal pathology
allantois
Where are urachal cysts located in relation to the bladder?
anterior
Pseudoascites is caused by?
hypoechoic abdominal muscles mimic fluid along anterior abdomen
Ascites is associated with?
fetal hydrops
Esophageal atresia
absence of stomach
Why does esophageal atresia cause polyhydramnios?
fetus cannot swallow fluid
Duodenal atresia
blockage of duodenum
Duodenal atresia has _____ AFP levels
normal
Duodenal atresia is associated with what sign?
“double bubble sign”; distended stomach and proximal duodenum
Jejunoileal atresia is also known as?
bowel atresia
Jejunoileal atresia is associated with?
meconium ileus and cystic fibrosis
How does jejunoileal atresia appear sonographically?
three adjacent “cysts”; stomach duodenum, jejunum
Meconium ileus
impacted thick meconium in distal ileum
Meconium ileus is associated with?
cystic fibrosis
How does meconium ileus appear sonographically?
ileum is filled with echogenic material
Meconium peritonitis
bowel perforation caused by bowel atresia or meconium ileus
How does meconium peritonitis appear sonographically?
calcifications throughout abdomen
Echogenic bowel is associated with?
cystic fibrosis, infection, intrauterine growth retardation, chromosomal anomalies
True or False: A fetus with echogenic bowel will never have a normal outcome
False; normal outcome if isolated
Fetal gallstones are associated with?
cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia
Cystic fibrosis
secretion of extra mucus, especially on the stomach and pancreas
Cystic fibrosis is also known as?
mucoviscidosis
Sickle cell anemia
RBCs are crescent shaped, stiff, and sticky; abnormal hemoglobin; decreased mobility
Gastroschisis has _____ AFP levels
elevated
Gastroschisis
abdominal wall defect; free floating small bowel in amniotic cavity
Gastroschisis is typically located _____ of the umbilical CI
right
True or False: Gastroschisis has a good prognosis
true
Omphalocele
midline abdominal wall defect; herniated intestines covered by amion and peritoneum
Omphalocele usually has _______ AFP levels
elevated
True or False: Omphalocele has a good prognosis
False; poor prognosis
Cloacal exstrophy
defect of the ventral body wall
Cloaca
structure from which the rectum and urogenital sinus develops
Cloacal exstrophy is also called?
OEIS complex
OEIS complex stands for?
Omphalocele, exstrophy of the bladder, imperforate anus, spina bifida
OEIS complex has _____ AFP levels
elevated
Limb-body wall complex is characterized by?
major abdominal wall defect (abdominoschisis), severe kyphoscoliosis, short/absent umbilical cord
Abdominoschisis
entire abdomen is open
Limb-body wall complex is also known as?
body-stalk anomaly
VACTERL Syndrome
Vertebral, Anus, Cardiac, Tracheo-esophageal fistula, Esophageal atresia, Renal, Limb
Achondrogensis
genetic disorder that affects bone and cartilage development during fetal growth
What is the second most common lethal skeletal dysplasia?
Achondrogenesis
Skeletal abnormalities associated with achondrogenesis
extremely short stature, shortened limbs, small head with large forehead, narrow chest, spinal deformities
Campomelic dysplasia
genetic disorder that affects the development of skeleton, reproductive organs, and other systems
Main features of Campomelic dysplasia
short stature with bowed long bones, clubfeet, macrocephaly, flat face with prominent forehead, cleft palate, heart defects, respiratory problems, underdeveloped reproductive organs
Osteogenesis imperfecta
disorder of collagen production; brittle bones and multiple fractures
Which type of osteogenesis imperfecta is the most lethal?
type II
Osteogenesis imperfecta type II characteristics
detected prenatally; multiple fractures, short bones, bell chest, thin cranium
Sonographic features of osteogenesis imperfecta type II
decreases ossification, decreased echogenicity, decreased attenuation, compressible calvaria, shortened limbs
How does OI affect the sclera?
sclera of eye becomes thinner and translucent which shows underlying tissue
Short Rib-Polydactyly syndrome (SRPS)
lethal skeletal disorders that affect the ribs, limbs, and fingers
Why is SRPS lethal?
causes severe pulmonary hypoplasia
SRPS is characterized by?
short ribs, short limbs, and extra digits
Characteristics of homozygous achondroplasia
trident hand, short stature, respiratory problems, macrocephaly, frontal bossing
What is the most common lethal skeletal dysplasia?
Thanatophoric dysplasia
Characteristics of thanatophoric dysplasia
severe rhizomelia, micromelia, bowing of limbs, clover leaf skull (kleeblattschadel), macrocephaly, frontal bossing, bell shapes chest, protuberant abdomen
What is the most common non-lethal skeletal dysplasia?
heterozygous achondroplasia
What is the most common kind of human dwarfism?
heterozygous achondroplasia
Characteristics of heterozygous achondroplasia
shortened limbs, enlarged skull, shortened vertebrae, small space between middle fingers, shortened iliac bones
Arthrogryposis
rare condition with multiple joint contractures present at birth
Arthrogryposis is also called?
arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
What is the most common single contracture with arthrogryposis?
congenital clubfoot
Micromelia
entire limb is short
rhizomelia
prox portion of limb is short
mesomelia
mid portion of limb is short
acromelia
dis portion of the limb is short
phocomelia
mid portion of limb is absent
hemimelia
dis portion of the limb is absent
amelia
absent limb
acheiria
absent hand
apodia
absent foot
adactyly
absent digits
polydactyly
extra digits
clinodactyly
overlapping digits
syndactyly
fused/webbed feet
