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Anomalies in Polyhydramnios 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Polyhydramnios

A

High amount of amniotic fluid

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2
Q

Poly measurement for AFI

A

> 24 cm

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3
Q

Poly measurement for SDP

A

> 8 cm

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4
Q

Agenesis of the corpus callosum

A

cerebral hemispheres do not connect

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5
Q

Characteristics associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum

A

elevation of the 3rd ventricle, tear drop sign (dilatation of the occipital horns), absence of CSP, steer sign (outward angling of the frontal horns)

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6
Q

Acrania is also called?

A

Exencephaly

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7
Q

Exencephaly

A

Absence of calvarium; has brain tissue

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8
Q

Characteristics of exencephaly

A

Normal facial bones, lack of echogenic bony calvaria, single brain mass protruding from head

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9
Q

What is the most common neural tube defect?

A

Anencephaly

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10
Q

Anencephaly

A

Cephalic end of neural tube does not completely close; absence of brain tissue

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11
Q

Anencephaly has an increase in what lab value?

A

AFP

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12
Q

Characteristics of anencephaly

A

bulging eyes (frog face), increase in fetal activity

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13
Q

Characteristics of iniencephaly

A

defect of occipital bone (posterior encephalocele), spina bifida of C spine, stargazing sign (retroflexion of the head)

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14
Q

Encephalocele

A

protrusion of brain through defect in skull covered by membrane

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15
Q

In which region of the head are encephaloeceles more common?

A

occipital

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16
Q

True or False: An encephalocele has elevated AFP

A

False; contained in membrane

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17
Q

Characteristics of Arnold-Chiari Malformation

A

Spina bifida aperta, lemon shaped skull, banana-shaped cerebellum (obliterated CM), ventriculomegaly

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18
Q

A lemon-shaped skull is only found with?

A

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

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19
Q

Type I Arnold-Chiari Malformation

A

without meningocele

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20
Q

Type II Arnold-Chiari Malformation

A

with meningocele

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21
Q

Dandy-Walker Malformation

A

Malformation of the cerebellum

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22
Q

Characteristics of Dandy-Walker Malformation

A

enlarged posterior fossa, splaying of cerebellar hemispheres, complete or partial agenesis of vermis

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23
Q

An enlarged posterior fossa is also called a?

A

posterior fossa cyst

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24
Q

A missing vermis is only seen with?

A

Dandy-Walker Malformation

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25
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

disorder from abnormal development of prosencephalon (forebrain)

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26
Q

What is the most severe form of holoprosencephaly

A

Alobar

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27
Q

Characteristics of alobar holoprosencephaly

A

horseshoe ventricle (monoventricle), fused thalami,

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28
Q

Characteristics of holoprosencephaly

A

hypotelorism (cyclopia if severe), proboscis-like nose, arrhinia (absent nose)

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29
Q

Hydraencephaly

A

Brain tissue is replaced by CSF

30
Q

TORCHS can cause?

A

hydraencephaly, porencephaly, schizencephaly, arachnoid cyst

31
Q

Characteristics of hydraencephaly

A

anechoic head with midline falx

32
Q

What does TORCHS stand for?

A

toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, syphilis, parvovirus

33
Q

Porencephaly

A

unilateral or bilateral cystic defects in brain

34
Q

Characteristics of porencephaly

A

cystic areas that can communicate with ventricles

35
Q

Schizencephaly

A

clefts in cerebral cortex

36
Q

Characteristics of schizencephaly

A

fluid filled open or closed clefts, absence of CSP and corpus callosum

37
Q

Arachnoid cyst

A

congenital abnormality of the pia-arachnoid layer

38
Q

Characteristics of an arachnoid cyst

A

midline, fluid filled cyst, cannot communicate with ventricular system

39
Q

Choroid plexus cyst

A

unilateral or bilateral cysts within choroid plexus due to folds

40
Q

True or False: A choroid plexus cyst has a poor prognosis

A

False; good prognosis

41
Q

Vein of Galen aneurysm

A

not a true aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, dilated internal cerebral vein

42
Q

Characteristics of a VGAM

A

round, fluid filled structure at midline, lights up with color

43
Q

True or False: Cervical teratomas are usually benign

44
Q

Where are cervical teratomas most common?

A

anterolateral neck region

45
Q

Why is a cervical teratomas associated with polyhydramnios?

A

mass compresses with esophagus and interferes with fetal swallowing

46
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Increase in ventricular volume of CSF; ventriculomegaly

47
Q

Characteristics of hydrocephalus

A

frontal bossing, dilated lateral ventricles (>10mm), bell clapper sign (dangling of choroid plexus)

48
Q

Spina bifida

A

Failure of the neural tube to close completely

49
Q

Characteristics of spina bifida occulta

A

defect is covered by soft tissue; normal AFP

50
Q

Characteristics of spina bifida aperta

A

defect is uncovered, high AFP

51
Q

In which plane is splaying of the spine best seen?

A

Transverse

52
Q

Rachischisis

A

complete spina bifida; entire spine is affected

53
Q

On which portion of the spine is spina bifida most common?

54
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

Herniation of vertebral column where sac contains spinal cord, meninges, CSF

55
Q

Meningocele

A

Herniation of vertebral column where sac contains meninges and CSF only

56
Q

What is the most common tumor found in newborns?

A

sacrococcygeal teratoma

57
Q

True or False: Sacrococcygeal teratomas are usually malignant

A

False; usually benign

58
Q

What is the difference in location of a meningocele and a sacrococcygeal carcinoma?

A

Meningocele is usually on lumbar spine which a sacrococcygeal carcinoma is more towards the sacrum and coccyx (baby’s butt)

59
Q

Epignathus

A

benign tumor that originates in the palate/pharynx and grows into the mouth

60
Q

Types of facial cleft

A

unilateral, bilateral, median

61
Q

Characteristics of facial cleft

A

perpetually open mouth, break in lip

62
Q

Hypotelorism

A

Eyes are abnormally close together

63
Q

What is the normal distance between orbits?

64
Q

Hypoterlorism is associated with?

A

Holoprosencephaly

65
Q

Hypertelorism

A

Eyes are abnormally far apart

66
Q

What is hypertelorism related to?

A

craniosynostosis and anterior cephaloceles

67
Q

Microphtalmos

A

reduction in the size of the orbit

68
Q

Cyclops

A

AKA synophthalmia, orbits fuse into one singular orbit

69
Q

Cyclops is associated with?

A

holoprosencephaly

70
Q

Macroglossia

A

hypertrophy of the tongue

71
Q

Micrognathia

A

small mandible; small chin with overbite

High Risk OB (9 decks)

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