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Anomalies in Polyhydramnios 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Polyhydramnios

A

High amount of amniotic fluid

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2
Q

Poly measurement for AFI

A

> 24 cm

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3
Q

Poly measurement for SDP

A

> 8 cm

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4
Q

Agenesis of the corpus callosum

A

cerebral hemispheres do not connect

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5
Q

Characteristics associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum

A

elevation of the 3rd ventricle, tear drop sign (dilatation of the occipital horns), absence of CSP, steer sign (outward angling of the frontal horns)

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6
Q

Acrania is also called?

A

Exencephaly

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7
Q

Exencephaly

A

Absence of calvarium; has brain tissue

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8
Q

Characteristics of exencephaly

A

Normal facial bones, lack of echogenic bony calvaria, single brain mass protruding from head

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9
Q

What is the most common neural tube defect?

A

Anencephaly

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10
Q

Anencephaly

A

Cephalic end of neural tube does not completely close; absence of brain tissue

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11
Q

Anencephaly has an increase in what lab value?

A

AFP

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12
Q

Characteristics of anencephaly

A

bulging eyes (frog face), increase in fetal activity

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13
Q

Characteristics of iniencephaly

A

defect of occipital bone (posterior encephalocele), spina bifida of C spine, stargazing sign (retroflexion of the head)

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14
Q

Encephalocele

A

protrusion of brain through defect in skull covered by membrane

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15
Q

In which region of the head are encephaloeceles more common?

A

occipital

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16
Q

True or False: An encephalocele has elevated AFP

A

False; contained in membrane

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17
Q

Characteristics of Arnold-Chiari Malformation

A

Spina bifida aperta, lemon shaped skull, banana-shaped cerebellum (obliterated CM), ventriculomegaly

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18
Q

A lemon-shaped skull is only found with?

A

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

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19
Q

Type I Arnold-Chiari Malformation

A

without meningocele

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20
Q

Type II Arnold-Chiari Malformation

A

with meningocele

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21
Q

Dandy-Walker Malformation

A

Malformation of the cerebellum

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22
Q

Characteristics of Dandy-Walker Malformation

A

enlarged posterior fossa, splaying of cerebellar hemispheres, complete or partial agenesis of vermis

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23
Q

An enlarged posterior fossa is also called a?

A

posterior fossa cyst

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24
Q

A missing vermis is only seen with?

A

Dandy-Walker Malformation

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25
Holoprosencephaly
disorder from abnormal development of prosencephalon (forebrain)
26
What is the most severe form of holoprosencephaly
Alobar
27
Characteristics of alobar holoprosencephaly
horseshoe ventricle (monoventricle), fused thalami,
28
Characteristics of holoprosencephaly
hypotelorism (cyclopia if severe), proboscis-like nose, arrhinia (absent nose)
29
Hydraencephaly
Brain tissue is replaced by CSF
30
TORCHS can cause?
hydraencephaly, porencephaly, schizencephaly, arachnoid cyst
31
Characteristics of hydraencephaly
anechoic head with midline falx
32
What does TORCHS stand for?
toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, syphilis, parvovirus
33
Porencephaly
unilateral or bilateral cystic defects in brain
34
Characteristics of porencephaly
cystic areas that **can** communicate with ventricles
35
Schizencephaly
clefts in cerebral cortex
36
Characteristics of schizencephaly
fluid filled open or closed clefts, absence of CSP and corpus callosum
37
Arachnoid cyst
congenital abnormality of the pia-arachnoid layer
38
Characteristics of an arachnoid cyst
midline, fluid filled cyst, **cannot** communicate with ventricular system
39
Choroid plexus cyst
unilateral or bilateral cysts within choroid plexus due to folds
40
True or False: A choroid plexus cyst has a poor prognosis
False; good prognosis
41
Vein of Galen aneurysm
**not a true aneurysm**, arteriovenous malformation, dilated internal cerebral vein
42
Characteristics of a VGAM
round, fluid filled structure at midline, lights up with color
43
True or False: Cervical teratomas are usually benign
True
44
Where are cervical teratomas most common?
anterolateral neck region
45
Why is a cervical teratomas associated with polyhydramnios?
mass compresses with esophagus and interferes with fetal swallowing
46
Hydrocephalus
Increase in ventricular volume of CSF; ventriculomegaly
47
Characteristics of hydrocephalus
frontal bossing, dilated lateral ventricles (>10mm), bell clapper sign (dangling of choroid plexus)
48
Spina bifida
Failure of the neural tube to close completely
49
Characteristics of spina bifida occulta
defect is **covered** by soft tissue; normal AFP
50
Characteristics of spina bifida aperta
defect is **uncovered**, high AFP
51
In which plane is splaying of the spine best seen?
Transverse
52
Rachischisis
complete spina bifida; entire spine is affected
53
On which portion of the spine is spina bifida most common?
lumbar
54
Myelomeningocele
Herniation of vertebral column where sac contains **spinal cord**, meninges, CSF
55
Meningocele
Herniation of vertebral column where sac contains meninges and CSF **only**
56
What is the most common tumor found in newborns?
sacrococcygeal teratoma
57
True or False: Sacrococcygeal teratomas are usually malignant
False; usually benign
58
What is the difference in location of a meningocele and a sacrococcygeal carcinoma?
Meningocele is usually on lumbar spine which a sacrococcygeal carcinoma is more towards the sacrum and coccyx (baby's butt)
59
Epignathus
benign tumor that originates in the palate/pharynx and grows into the mouth
60
Types of facial cleft
unilateral, bilateral, median
61
Characteristics of facial cleft
perpetually open mouth, break in lip
62
Hypotelorism
Eyes are abnormally close together
63
What is the normal distance between orbits?
one orbit
64
Hypoterlorism is associated with?
Holoprosencephaly
65
Hypertelorism
Eyes are abnormally far apart
66
What is hypertelorism related to?
craniosynostosis and anterior cephaloceles
67
Microphtalmos
reduction in the size of the orbit
68
Cyclops
AKA synophthalmia, orbits fuse into one singular orbit
69
Cyclops is associated with?
holoprosencephaly
70
Macroglossia
hypertrophy of the tongue
71
Micrognathia
small mandible; small chin with overbite

High Risk OB (12 decks)

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