Anomalies in Polyhydramnios 2

Question 1

A cystic hygroma is also known as?

Answer 1

cavernous lymphangioma

Question 2

Sonographic appearance of a cystic hygroma

Answer 2

large cystic (fluid-filled) mass

Question 3

80% of cystic hygromas are located where?

Answer 3

cervical region; posterior to head and neck

Question 4

Cystic hygromas are associated with?

Answer 4

Turner syndrome

Question 5

Sonographic appearance of bronchogenic cysts

Answer 5

isolated cysts within thorax; mediastinum and lung parenchyma

Question 6

Bronchopulmonary sequestration

Answer 6

separate area of lung tissue; does not communicate with other lung tissue

Question 7

What is the most common type of bronchopulmonary sequestration?

Answer 7

Intralobar

Question 8

A bronchopulmonary sequestration gets blood supply from the?

Answer 8

thoracic aorta

Question 9

True or False: Bronchopulmonary sequestration is usually bilateral

Answer 9

False; unilateral

Question 10

Sonographic appearance of bronchopulmonary sequestration

Answer 10

Echogenic piece of lung tissue

Question 11

What is the most common tumor on a baby’s heart?

Answer 11

Rhabdomyoma

Question 12

Rhabdomyoma

Answer 12

Benign tumor of a myocardium

Question 13

Rhabdomyomas are associated with?

Answer 13

tuberous sclerosis

Question 14

Sonographic appearance of a rhabdomyoma

Answer 14

round, echogenic, homogenous mass

Question 15

True of False: Atrial myxomas only occur in adults

Answer 15

true

Question 16

Where are atrial myxomas most commonly located?

Answer 16

left atrium

Question 17

Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM) is also known as?

Answer 17

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lungs (CCAM or CCAML)

Question 18

CPAM Type I characteristics

Answer 18

Large cysts in lungs

Question 19

CPAM Type II
characteristics

Answer 19

Small cysts in lungs

Question 20

CPAM Type III characteristics

Answer 20

solid, echogenic lungs

Question 21

Which type of CPAM has the best prognosis?

Answer 21

Type I

Question 22

Which type of CPAM is most common?

Answer 22

Type I

Question 23

Which type of CPAM is most fatal?

Answer 23

Type II and III

Question 24

Diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 24

stomach herniates into chest or heart herniates into abdomen

Question 25

On which side is a diaphragmatic hernia more common?

Answer 25

Left

Question 26

A diaphragmatic hernia on the left side is known as?

Answer 26

hernia of Bochdalek

Question 27

Sonographic findings of a diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 27

small abdominal circumference, heart and stomach seen on same plane

Question 28

Ectopia cordis

Answer 28

ectopic heart; located outside of chest

Question 29

Pentalogy of Cantrell

Answer 29

abdominal wall defect, diaphragmatic hernia, lower sternal cleft, ectopia cordis, VSD

Question 30

Most common defects seen from the Pentalogy of Cantrell

Answer 30

abdominal wall defect (omphalocele) and ectopia cordis

Question 31

Hydrops fetalis

Answer 31

abnormal interstitial accumulation of fluid

Question 32

Immune fetal hydrops

Answer 32

caused by Rh antibodies in maternal circulation that destroy the fetal RBCs

Question 33

Nonimmune fetal hydrops

Answer 33

results from infection or TORCHS

Question 34

True or False: Sonography can differentiate between immune and nonimmune hydrops

Answer 34

False

Question 35

Pericardial Effusion

Answer 35

presence of fluid around heart inside pericardium

Question 36

Pleural Effusion

Answer 36

Fluid collection inside pleural cavity

Question 37

Pleural effusion is also called?

Answer 37

hydrothorax

Question 38

Coarctation of the aorta

Answer 38

stenosis of the aorta

Question 39

Coarctation of the aorta causes what heart anomalies?

Answer 39

underdeveloped left heart (atrium and ventricle)

Question 40

Ebstein anomaly

Answer 40

thickened and flaccid tricuspid valve; incompetent and decreased mobility

Question 41

Ebstein anomaly is also known as?

Answer 41

tricuspid dysplasia

Question 42

Sonographic appearance of Ebstein anomaly

Answer 42

enlarged right atrium

Question 43

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)

Answer 43

dilatation of right ventricle and pulmonary trunk; left ventricle not visualized

Question 44

HLHS is caused by?

Answer 44

aortic atresia or mitrial valve stenosis

Question 45

Sonographic appearance of HLHS

Answer 45

small left ventricle only

Question 46

What makes a atrial septal defect hard to diagnose?

Answer 46

foramen ovale

Question 47

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

Answer 47

ventricular septum defect

Question 48

A VSD is more common in which part of the septum?

Answer 48

membranous

Question 49

A VSD is more commonly seen in which view?

Answer 49

five-chamber view

Question 50

Endocardial cushion defect

Answer 50

walls forming the four chambers are poorly formed or absent

Question 51

Endocardial cushion defect is also known as?

Answer 51

atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) or atrioventricular canal defect (AVCD)

Question 52

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 52

VSD, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, hypertrophy of right ventricle

Question 53

Transposition of the Great Arteries

Answer 53

Aorta rises from right ventricle; pulmonary trunk rises from left ventricle

Question 54

Sonographic characteristic of TGA

Answer 54

parallel course of both vessels in one plane with color doppler

Question 55

Truncus Arteriosis

Answer 55

common arterial trunk arises from base of the heart that gives rise to pulmonary artery and aorta

Question 56

Bronchogenic cysts are associated with?

Answer 56

Fetal hydrops

Question 57

Perinatal death with a diaphragmatic hernia is caused by?

Answer 57

pulmonary hypoplasia